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Species
Oncorhynchus mykiss mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)
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This taxon is one of a number of benthopelagic species in the Amur River system. Benthopelagic river fish are found near the bottom of the water column, feeding on benthos and zooplankton
The persistence of mercury contamination in Amur River bottom sediments is a major issue, arising from historic cinnabar mining in the basin and poor waste management practises, especially in the communist Soviet era, where industrial development was placed ahead of sound conservation practises.
Other large benthopelagic river fish of the Amur Basin is the 200 cm yellowcheek (Elopichthys bambusa) and the 122 cm Mongolian redfin (Chanodichthys mongolicus)
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| Rights holder/Author | C. Michael Hogan, C. Michael Hogan |
| Origen | http://www.eoearth.org/article/Amur_River?topic=78166 |
Physical description varies widely with sex, age, and habitat. In general, they are streamlined, with 8 to 12 spines in the anal fin and lack teeth at the base of the tongue (unlike their close relatives, Oncorhynchus clarkii). The undersides tend to be silvery with a pinkish red stripe along the upper-middle part of the body, though this stripe can vary from dark to light. Resident rainbows and spawning steelhead tend to be lighter with more pronounced pink stripes, while ocean-going steelhead are darker and silvery to blend into their ocean environment. Most have black spots above the lateral line, and resident rainbows tend to have more intense spotting, well below the lateral line. Juvenile fish have 8 to 13 parr marks on their sides and become silvery as they mature.
Range mass: 25.4 (high) kg.
Average mass: 4 kg.
Range length: 120 (high) cm.
Range basal metabolic rate: 0.6 to 75 cm3.O2/g/hr.
Average basal metabolic rate: 55 cm3.O2/g/hr.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; polymorphic
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Origen | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Oncorhynchus_mykiss/ |
Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Susan M. Luna, FishBase |
| Origen | http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=239 |
Normal life span 5-6 years (Simpson and Wallace 1982). Predation by Caspian terns and double-crested cormorants causes significant mortality of juvenile steelhead in the Columbia River estuary (Ryan et al. 2003). Aggressively defends feeding territories in streams. Has caused contraction of range of native brook trout in southern Appalachian Mountains region (Larson and Moore 1985).
Current Listing Status Summary
Status: Endangered
Date Listed: 06/17/1998
Lead Region: National Marine Fisheries Service (Region 11)
Where Listed: southern CA coast
Status: Threatened
Date Listed: 09/07/2000
Lead Region: National Marine Fisheries Service (Region 11)
Where Listed: northern CA
Status: Threatened
Date Listed: 08/02/1999
Lead Region: National Marine Fisheries Service (Region 11)
Where Listed: upper Willamette R.
Status: Threatened
Date Listed: 06/17/1998
Lead Region: National Marine Fisheries Service (Region 11)
Where Listed: Central Valley CA
Status: Threatened
Date Listed: 06/17/1998
Lead Region: National Marine Fisheries Service (Region 11)
Where Listed: central CA coast
Status: Threatened
Date Listed: 06/17/1998
Lead Region: National Marine Fisheries Service (Region 11)
Where Listed: south central CA coast
Status: Threatened
Date Listed: 06/17/1998
Lead Region: National Marine Fisheries Service (Region 11)
Where Listed: Snake R. Basin
Status: Threatened
Date Listed: 08/02/1999
Lead Region: National Marine Fisheries Service (Region 11)
Where Listed: middle Columbia R.
Status: Threatened
Date Listed: 06/17/1998
Lead Region: National Marine Fisheries Service (Region 11)
Where Listed: lower Columbia R.
Status: Threatened
Date Listed: 06/17/1998
Lead Region: National Marine Fisheries Service (Region 11)
Where Listed: upper Columbia R. Basin
Status: Under Review
Date Listed:
Lead Region: National Marine Fisheries Service (Region 11)
Where Listed: Klamath Mountains Province
Population detail:
Population location: All naturally spawned populations and their progeny in river basins from Redwood Creek in Humboldt County, CA to the Gualala River in Mendocino County, CA (inclusive)
Listing status: T
Population location: All naturally spawned populations (and their progeny) in rivers from the Santa Maria R., San Luis Obispo County, CA (inclusive) to Malibu Cr., Los Angeles County, CA (inclusive)
Listing status: E
Population location: All naturally spawned populations (and their progeny) in streams and tributaries to the Columbia R. between the Cowlitz and Wind Rivers, WA, inclusive, and the Willamette and Hood Rivers, OR, inclusive, excluding the Upper Willamette River Basin above Willamette Falls and excluding the Little and Big White Salmon Rivers in WA
Listing status: T
Population location: All naturally spawned populations (and their progeny) in streams from the Pajaro R. (inclusive) located in Santa Cruz County, CA, to (but not including) the Santa Maria R
Listing status: T
Population location: All naturally spawned populations (and their progeny) in streams from the Russian R. to Aptos Cr., Santa Cruz County, CA (inclusive), and the drainages of San Francisco and San Pablo Bays eastward to the Napa R. (inclusive), Napa County, CA, excluding the Sacramento-San Joaquin R. Basin of the Central Valley of CA
Listing status: T
Population location: All naturally spawned populations (and their progeny) in streams in the Snake R. Basin of southeast WA, northeast OR, and ID
Listing status: T
Population location: All naturally spawned populations (and their progeny) in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and their tributaries, excluding San Francisco and San Pablo Bays and their tributaries
Listing status: T
Population location: All naturally spawned populations (and their progeny) in the Upper Columbia R. Basin upstream from the Yakima R., WA, to the U.S./Canada border, and also including the Wells Hatchery stock
Listing status: T
Population location: U.S.A. (OR) All naturally spawned winter-run populations in the Willamette R. and its tributaries from Willamette Falls to the Calapooia R., inclusive
Listing status: T
Population location: U.S.A. (OR, WA) All naturally spawned populations in streams above and excluding the Wind R. in Washington, and the Hood R. in Oregon, upstream to, and including, the Yakima R. Excluded are steelhead from the Snake R. Basin
Listing status: T
For most current information and documents related to the conservation status and management of Oncorhynchus mykiss, see its USFWS Species Profile
Physical description varies widely with sex, age, and habitat. In general, they are streamlined, with 8 to 12 spines in the anal fin and lack teeth at the base of the tongue (unlike their close relatives, Oncorhynchus_clarkii). The undersides tend to be silvery with a pinkish red stripe along the upper-middle part of the body, though this stripe can vary from dark to light. Resident rainbows and spawning steelhead tend to be lighter with more pronounced pink stripes, while ocean-going steelhead are darker and silvery to blend into their ocean environment. Most have black spots above the lateral line, and resident rainbows tend to have more intense spotting, well below the lateral line. Juvenile fish have 8 to 13 parr marks on their sides and become silvery as they mature.
Range mass: 25.4 (high) kg.
Average mass: 4 kg.
Range length: 120 (high) cm.
Range basal metabolic rate: 0.6 to 75 cm^3 oxygen/hour.
Average basal metabolic rate: 55 cm^3 oxygen/hour.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; polymorphic
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2012, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Origen | http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Oncorhynchus_mykiss/ |
Comments: In lakes, feeds mostly on bottom-dwelling invertebrates (e.g., aquatic insects, amphipods, worms, fish eggs, sometimes small fish) and plankton. In streams, feeds primarily on drift organisms. May ingest aquatic vegetation (probably for attached invertebrates). Diet changes seasonally. In the ocean, the diet consists of fishes and crustaceans.
There is little communication between rainbow trout and steelhead. Once the fry emerge from the gravel, they become hostile to each other and compete for habitat. Larger fish usually win out the best habitat and food sources, and there is a size hierarchy within aquatic systems among all trout species. Potential mates communicate before spawning with visual cues. Oncorhynchus_mykiss individuals are visual predators, relying on a keen sense of vision to detect prey. Salmonidae species use both chemical cues and detection of the earth's magnetic fields to navigate to and from natal streams and on ocean journeys.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile
Perception Channels: visual ; magnetic
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2012, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Origen | http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Oncorhynchus_mykiss/ |
Steelhead are endangered in Washington and California, and threatened in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Most of their decline has resulted from impacts to habitat and shrinking of spawning routes due to dams and other diversions. Siltation, caused by forestry practices, and erosion, caused by urban and agricultural development, has also impacted spawning beds.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: no special status
US Federal List: endangered
CITES: no special status
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2012, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Origen | http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Oncorhynchus_mykiss/ |
Oncorhynchus mykiss is among the most important game fishes in North America. These common fish are found in cold headwaters, creeks, and small to large rivers, as well as lakes. They are anadromous in coastal streams, moving upstream from the ocean to spawn (unlike salmon, adults usually survive spawning and may breed again). (Page and Burr 1991)
The different forms of Oncorhynchus mykiss are known by different common names. The sea-run Rainbow Trout are known as Steelhead; interior populations are sometimes known as Redband Trout. These fish are highly variable in color, but have small, irregular black spots on the back and most fins. There are radiating rows of black spots on the caudal (tail) fin and a pink to red stripe on the side. Stream and spawning fish have intense dark colors whereas lake fish are light and silvery. The upper jaw reaches barely behind the eye in young and female individuals, but well behind the eye in large males. Sea-run individuals (Steelhead) are silvery and largely lack the pink stripe on the side; they typically develop a more pointed head and grow much larger than Rainbow Trout. (Page and Burr 1991)
Rainbow Trout are native to the Pacific Slope of North America from Alaska and northwestern Canada to Baja California. They have been widely introduced in cold waters elsewhere in North America and the rest of the world. (Page and Burr 1991)
In contrast to the Rainbow Trout, the Golden Trout (O. aguabonita) has a red belly and cheek, a gold lower side, and large black spots on the dorsal and caudal fins (but in some areas where they co-occur, these two species hybridize). The Cutthroat Trout (O. clarki) has an orange or red "cutthroat" mark on the underside of the lower jaw and small teeth on the floor of the mouth between the gill arches (no such teeth are present in Rainbow Trout). Salvelinus species have light spots on a dark background. Salmon have 13 or more anal rays (8 to 12 in Rainbow Trout). (Page and Burr 1991)
For detailed information on the biology and status of this species, including conservation issues, see this resource from the NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources.
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Shapiro, Leo, Shapiro, Leo, EOL Rapid Response Team |
| Origen | http://eolspecies.lifedesks.org/pages/48040 |