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Species
Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)
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This taxon is one of a number of benthopelagic species in the Amur River system. Benthopelagic river fish are found near the bottom of the water column, feeding on benthos and zooplankton
The persistence of mercury contamination in Amur River bottom sediments is a major issue, arising from historic cinnabar mining in the basin and poor waste management practises, especially in the communist Soviet era, where industrial development was placed ahead of sound conservation practises.
Other large benthopelagic river fish of the Amur Basin is the 200 cm yellowcheek (Elopichthys bambusa) and the 122 cm Mongolian redfin (Chanodichthys mongolicus)
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | C. Michael Hogan, C. Michael Hogan |
| Source | http://www.eoearth.org/article/Amur_River?topic=78166 |
Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)
Inland water: 26300-844 (1 spc.), 29.05.1995 , fish farm, Kiyikoey , Kirklareli , Adem Çolak ; 26300-845 (1 spa), 29.05.1995 , fish farm, Kiyikoey , Kirklareli , Adem Çolak .
- Nurettin Meriç, Lütfiye Eryilmaz, Müfit Özulug (2007): A catalogue of the fishes held in the Istanbul University, Science Faculty, Hydrobiology Museum. Zootaxa 1472, 29-54: 37-37, URL:http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:428F3980-C1B8-45FF-812E-0F4847AF6786
| License | Public Domain |
| Rights holder/Author | No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation. |
| Source | http://treatment.plazi.org/id/81754B7C11CE352699A9297589BDE713 |
Maximum size: 1200 mm TL
Rainbow trout and steelhead are important predators in their native habitats, they also serve as important sources of food for larger predators.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
- sea lamprey (Petromyzon_marinus)
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| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2012, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Source | http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Oncorhynchus_mykiss/ |
Oncorhynchus_mykiss larvae go through a series of morphological changes to prepare for life in the sea, and spend their adult life there for 2 to 3 years before migrating upstream to spawn in their natal stream.
Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2012, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Source | http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Oncorhynchus_mykiss/ |
Management Requirements: A management concern in the West: keeping rainbow trout out of waters inhabited by native salmonids such as cutthroat trout and Gila trout so that the native species maintain their genetic integrity.
Allendorf et al. (1997) proposed criteria for prioritizing Pacific salmon stocks for conservation; data limitations introduce subjectivity into the process, so expert judgment and peer review should be incorporated into the process.
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | NatureServe |
| Source | http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Oncorhynchus+mykiss |
Adults inhabit cold headwaters, creeks, small to large rivers, and lakes. Anadromous in coastal streams (Ref. 5723). Stocked in almost all water bodies as lakes, rivers and streams, usually not stocked in water reaching summer temperatures above 25°C or ponds with very low oxygen concentrations. Feed on a variety of aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates and small fishes. At the sea, they prey on fish and cephalopods. Mature individuals undertake short spawning migrations. Anadromous and lake forms may migrate long distances to spawning streams (Ref. 59043). Utilized fresh, smoked, canned, and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Cultured in many countries and is often hatched and stocked into rivers and lakes especially to attract recreational fishers (Ref. 9988).
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Susan M. Luna, FishBase |
| Source | http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=239 |
120 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 5504)); max. published weight: 25.4 kg (Ref. 7251); max. reported age: 11 years (Ref. 12193)
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Susan M. Luna, FishBase |
| Source | http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=239 |
In the Great Lakes, sea lampreys are the most common predators of all Salmonidae species, including rainbow trout. Other predators in both native and introduced habitats include: larger Salmonidae, fish-eating birds like great blue herons (Ardea_herodias), mergansers (Mergus), and kingfishers (Ceryle), and mammals including mink (Mustela_vison and Mustela_lutreola), raccoons (Procyon_lotor), river otters (Lontra), grizzly bears (Ursus_arctos), American black bears (Ursus_americanus), humans, and larger marine mammals who feed on migrating steelhead. Rainbow trout tend to stick to the sides of streams and rivers where shading is prevalent, the water is less swift, and protection is greatest. Trout species are vigilant and capable of rapid swimming to escape predation.
Known Predators:
- kingfishers (Ceryle)
- grizzly bears (Ursus_arctos)
- American black bears (Ursus_americanus)
- river otters (Lontra_canadensis)
- mink (Mustela_vison and Mustela_lutreola)
- raccoons (Procyon_lotor)
- sea lampreys (Petromyzon_marinus)
- mergansers (Mergus_merganser)
- great blue herons (Ardea_herodias)
- other trout species (Salmonidae)
- humans (Homo_sapien)
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2012, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Source | http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Oncorhynchus_mykiss/ |
Reported not to establish breeding populations if the peak emergence of fry corresponds to flood season and cold summer temperatures and if temperature does not fall below 13° C (Ref. 59043). Males mature generally at 2 years and females at 3. Spawning happens from November until May in the Northern hemisphere and from August to November on the Southern hemisphere. The size of the eggs depends on the size of the female. In captivity spawning is fostered by abdominal massage. Egg size 3-6 mm, fry length after hatching 12-20 mm. Hatchlings are well developed and equipped with a large yolk sac. The female finds a spot and digs a pit. While digging, an attendant male courts her or is busy driving away other males. As soon as the pit is completed, the female drops into it and is immediately followed by the male. The pair is side by side, they open their mouth, quiver and release egg and sperm. Females produce from 700 to 4,000 eggs per spawning event (Ref. 4706). At this point, a subordinate male moves in and releases sperm into the nest. The female quickly moves to the upstream edge of the nest and starts digging a new pit, covering the eggs. The whole process is repeated for several days until the female deposits all her eggs (Ref. 27547). Young fish move downstream at night, shortly after emergence (Ref. 4706). Reproductive strategy: synchronous ovarian organization, determinate fecundity (Ref. 51846).
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Rainer Froese, FishBase |
| Source | http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=239&StockCode=253 |