Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)
EOL Text
This taxon is one of a number of benthopelagic species in the Amur River system. Benthopelagic river fish are found near the bottom of the water column, feeding on benthos and zooplankton
The persistence of mercury contamination in Amur River bottom sediments is a major issue, arising from historic cinnabar mining in the basin and poor waste management practises, especially in the communist Soviet era, where industrial development was placed ahead of sound conservation practises.
Other large benthopelagic river fish of the Amur Basin is the 200 cm yellowcheek (Elopichthys bambusa) and the 122 cm Mongolian redfin (Chanodichthys mongolicus)
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| Rights holder/Author | C. Michael Hogan, C. Michael Hogan |
| Source | http://www.eoearth.org/article/Amur_River?topic=78166 |
Global Range: (>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)) Native to streams along the Pacific coast of North America from the Kuskokwim River, Alaska, south to northern Baja California; also the upper Mackenzie River drainage (Arctic basin), Alberta and British Columbia, and endorheic (i.e. having no outflow of water) basins of southern Oregon (Page and Burr 1991). The species has been widely introduced and established in suitable habitats all over the world (Lee et al. 1980). At sea, O. mykiss occurs throughout the North Pacific above 40° N from the North American coast to the Sea of Okhotsk (Burgner et al. 1992); it is most abundant in the Gulf of Alaska and eastern part of the North Pacific, conforming to the 5°C isotherm in the north and 15°C isotherm in the south. Seasonal shifts in distribution are correlated with changes in water temperature (Sutherland 1973).
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| Rights holder/Author | NatureServe |
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Habitat Type: Freshwater
Comments: Capable of surviving in a wide range of temperature conditions. Does best where dissolved oxygen concentration is at least 7 ppm. Anadromous populations occur in coastal rivers. Resident populations now inhabit small headwater streams, large rivers, lakes, or reservoirs; often in cool clear lakes and cool swift streams with silt-free substrate. In streams, deep low velocity pools are important wintering habitats (Sublette et al. 1990).
Usually requires a gravel stream riffle for successful spawning. Lake populations move to tributaries to spawn. Eggs are laid in gravel in a depression made by the female. Salinity of 8 ppt is the upper limit for normal development of eggs and alevins (Morgan et al. 1992).
Enteric Redmouth Disease. Bacterial diseases
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| Rights holder/Author | Allan Palacio, FishBase |
| Source | http://www.fishbase.org/Diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=239&StockCode=253 |
Crystals create iridescent sheen: rainbow trout
The scales of a rainbow trout have a silvery shine due to guanine crystals.
"The scales of a rainbow trout, reflective yet translucent. The silvery lustre is due to crystals of guanine, produced in the body as a waste product. The tiny black speckles are pigment cells, and at intervals there are large clusters of these where the pigment is distributed right across each cell, instead of only in the centre; here we get the large black patches which produce colour changes in response to hormones released during the breeding season - hence the name rainbow trout. The overlapping scales form a waterproof armour which is flexible enough to allow for the flexing of the body during swimming." (Foy and Oxford Scientific Films 1982:87)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
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| Rights holder/Author | (c) 2008-2009 The Biomimicry Institute |
| Source | http://www.asknature.org/strategy/c12017b5b8c8376b93ce258bd48f4b39 |
Species Impact: Smolt-to-adult survival of spring/summer run chinook salmon is negatively associated with releases of hatchery-reared steelhead in the Snake River (Levin and Williams 2002).
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| Rights holder/Author | NatureServe |
| Source | http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Oncorhynchus+mykiss |
Historic Range:
North Pacific Ocean from the Kamchatka Peninsula in Asia to the northern Baja Peninsula
Freshwater, brackish, or marine waters of temperate zones. The anadromous form, called steelhead, spawn and complete their early development in freshwater mountain streams, then migrate to spend their adult life in the ocean. In freshwater, they prefer cool water but have been known to tolerate water temperatures up to 24°C (native climates have water temperatures around 12°C in the summer). Productive streams have a good mixture of riffles and pools and overhanging vegetation for shade. Most importantly, they require gravel beds to lay their eggs, and therefore, are sensitive to sedimentation and channel scouring. Juvenile trout prefer protective cover and low velocity water and have been known to be swept away and killed in water that is too fast. Since they are native to the western U.S., then tend to be found in coastal streams and rivers which naturally have reduced flow in summer months.
Range elevation: 0 to 3000 m.
Range depth: 10 to 200 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine ; freshwater
Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; temporary pools; coastal ; brackish water
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| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2012, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Source | http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Oncorhynchus_mykiss/ |
Camallanus Infection 16. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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| Rights holder/Author | Allan Palacio, FishBase |
| Source | http://www.fishbase.org/Diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=239&StockCode=253 |
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 263 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank.
Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.
See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
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