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Species
Oncorhynchus gilae gilae (Miller, 1950)
EOL Text
Habitat Type: Freshwater
Comments: Subspecies gilae: Habitat includes clear, cold mountain streams in arid regions; streams largely intermittent (not flowing in summer and fall) (Behnke 1979); clear runs in mountain streams that typically are narrow and shallow; trout may be confined to pools during prolonged drought (Sublette et al. 1990). Usually these fishes congregate in deeper pools and in shallow water only where there is protective debris or plant beds (Matthews and Moseley 1990).
Subspecies apache: Habitat is presently restricted to clear, cool, high-elevation mountain streams that flow through cienegas (marshes) and coniferous forests, upstream from natural barriers. This subspecies also has been introduced into several streams and lakes.
Spawning occurs in flowing water in saucer-like depression excavated by female. Eggs are covered with gravel after fertilization takes place (Minckley 1973).
Endangered (EN) (B2ad+3c)
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| Rights holder/Author | Rainer Froese, FishBase |
| Origen | http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2689 |
demersal; freshwater
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| Rights holder/Author | Rainer Froese, FishBase |
| Origen | http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2689 |
Global Protection: Few (1-3) occurrences appropriately protected and managed
Comments: Apache tribe has limited fishing and created Christmas Tree Lake to preserve trout of subspecies apache.
Needs: Protect existing EOs from habitat degradation and hybridization with other trout.
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| Rights holder/Author | NatureServe |
| Origen | http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Oncorhynchus+gilae |
Non-Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. Juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration.
Locally Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
Subspecies apache: Migrates between spawning and nonspawning areas.
Comments: Regulations have been proposed that would allow sport fishing of subspecies gilae in New Mexico (USFWS 1987); this is not expected to interfere with recovery.
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| Rights holder/Author | NatureServe |
| Origen | http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Oncorhynchus+gilae |
Inhabits clear and cool mountain creeks (above 2000 m elevation). May bite when handled (Bob, pers. comm., 2006).
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | Rainer Froese, FishBase |
| Origen | http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2689 |
Comments: Subspecies GILAE: Feeds opportunistically on insects and insect larvae (e.g.: Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, simuliid larvae, terrestrial organisms). Subspecies APACHE: Feeds on aquatic and terrestrial insects (e.g., Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera).
The gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae) is a species of salmonid, related to the rainbow and cutthroat trouts native to the Southwest United States. Prior to 2006 the Gila trout was federally listed as endangered. In July 2006, after much work by the Game and Fish departments in New Mexico and Arizona, the US Forest Service and the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the Gila trout was down-listed to threatened, with a special provision called a "4d rule" that will allow limited sport fishing – for the first time in nearly half a century. This possibility is distinct: there may be no one alive today that has legally angled a pure Gila trout from its native waters. By the time the Gila trout was closed to fishing in the 1950s, its numbers and range were so depleted and so reduced this copper-colored trout simply wasn’t all that accessible to anglers. As of 2011 there is fishing in both states for this beautiful fish.
Contents
Range[edit]
The gila trout is native to tributaries of the Gila River in Arizona and New Mexico. The gila trout is found historically in the Verde and Agua Fria drainages in Arizona. Gila trout have persisted in five streams within the Gila National Forest, New Mexico, including: Iron, McKenna, and Spruce creeks in the Gila Wilderness Area, along with Main and South Diamond creeks in the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Area.[1]
Description[edit]
Gila trout has yellow head, with black spots. The average total length is about 300.0 mm (11.8 in.); with maximum total length approximately 550.0 mm (21.7 in.).[2] Gila trout is closely related to Apache trout. However, Apache trout have a spot behind the eye, another on the head, and big noticeable spots on the body whereas Gila trout lacks the spot and is characterized by numerous small dark spots on the upper half of the body.[3]
Biology[edit]
Gila trout can be found in small mountain water streams, and in confined pools. They are opportunistic feeders that feed on aquatic insects such as trichopterans, ephemeropterans, chironomids, and coleopterans, as well as small fishes.[4]
Reproduction[edit]
Depending on the water temperature, spawning season occurs in late spring and summer. The number of eggs produced from females held in hatcheries averaged about 150.[5] The maximum fecundity observed was 686 eggs.[6]
Conservation[edit]
The Gila trout has been threatened by competition and hybridization with introduced game fish such as the rainbow trout. However, the primary cause of reduced Gila trout populations is habitat loss caused by loss of water flow and shade-giving trees, caused in turn by fires, human destruction of riparian vegetation, livestock overgrazing, agricultural irrigation and water diversion, and channelization of streams in the Gila trout's native range. By the time the Gila trout was listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1967 its range had reduced from several hundred miles of stream to just 20 in the Gila Wilderness and Aldo Leopold Wilderness.[7] After listing USFWS began an aggressive program of stream restoration, removing the introduced trout, restoring and repairing riparian vegetation (to maintain cooler water temperatures), and restocking restored streams with young Gila trout. The Mora National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center in northern New Mexico keeps brood stocks of the Gila trout and supplies the fish for restocking. The species is now more secure than it was in the 1970s, having been moved to 10 new streams, though populations and habitat are still far below those originally established.[8] Conservationists hope to eventually delist the species and allow fishing, thus forming alliances with fishermen in order to help preserve the species.
Notes[edit]
- ^ Loudeslager, E.J., J.N. Rinne, G.A.E. Gall, and R.E. David. 1986. "Biochemical genetic studies of native Arizona and New Mexico trout," The Southwestern Naturalist. 31(2): 221-234.
- ^ Behnke, R.J. and M. Zarn. 1976. Biology and management of threatened and endangered western trouts. Technical Report RM-28, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. pp. 45
- ^ Sublette, J.E., M.D. Hatch and M. Sublette. 1990. The fishes of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. pp. 57-60.
- ^ Van Eimeren, P.A. 1988. Comparative food habits of Gila trout and speckled dace in a southwestern headwater stream. Unpublished M.S. Thesis, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. pp. 59.
- ^ Regan, D.M. 1964. Ecology of Gila trout, Salmo gilae, in Main Diamond Creek, New Mexico. Unpublished M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. pp. 57.
- ^ Sublette, J.E., M.D. Hatch and M. Sublette. 1990. The fishes of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. pp. 57-60.
- ^ Gila Trout at Center for Biological Diversity.
- ^ Springer, Craig (27 September 2006) "Gila trout down-listed to threatened status," Fishing World
References[edit]
- Gimenez Dixon (1996). Oncorhynchus gilae. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 9 May 2006. Listed as Endangered (EN B2ad+3c v2.3)
- "Oncorhynchus gilae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 24 January 2006.
- Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2005). "Oncorhynchus gilae" in FishBase. 10 2005 version.
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| Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
| Origen | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila_trout&oldid=616242543 |
endemic to a single nation
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