02749nas a2200133   4500008004100000245014000041210007100181260001600252520220600268653001802474653003002492100002302522856007002545       2020                        eng d00aModelación de la distribución de truchas nativas de la Sierra Madre Occidental y su relación con la estructura del paisaje adyacente0 aModelación de la distribución de truchas nativas de la Sierra Ma  c2020/03/30/3 aEl proyecto se centra en el estudio de truchas nativas de México, que se distribuyen en la Sierra Madre Occidental. Se reconoce la existencia de la especie Oncorhynchus chrysogaster (Needham y Gard, 1964), denominada Trucha dorada mexicana (PISCES: Salmonidae), misma que está reportada como especie endémica amenazada en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 y como especie vulnerable en CITES (Conference on International Trade in Endangered Species). La situación de riesgo es aún más grave si se considera que estudios recientes indican que por la heterogeneidad genética de este complejo de peces, es posible la identificación de nuevas especies o subespecies de truchas nativas (Hendrickson et al., 2002, Hendrickson et al., 2006). Considerando lo anterior y tomando en cuenta que existen algunas iniciativas (particularmente realizadas por académicos estadounidenses y mexicanos), enfocadas al estudio sistemático y genético de este grupo de peces, se propone complementarlas con el análisis espacial del paisaje del área de distribución potencial de O. chrysogaster. Para ello se analizarán los registros históricos, los datos existentes con referencia geográfica específica y adicionalmente los datos que se generen a partir de este proyecto, para producir un modelo de distribución de esta especie en la Sierra Madre Occidental. Dado el escaso registro con que se cuenta se considera indispensable la colecta con fines de ampliar dicho registro, pero particularmente con la intención de validar en lo posible el modelo que se genere. Se aplicarán técnicas de percepción remota que permitirán identificar las características ambientales de las localidades de registro (red hidráulica, altitud, pendiente, tipos de cobertura) y que podrán ser incorporadas a un sistema de información geográfica (SIG), conjuntamente con información auxiliar (temperaturas promedio, precipitación, geología, etc.). La identificación de estas características, en conjunto con datos de la presencia/ausencia de las truchas permitirá generar mapas de susceptibilidad de las áreas de distribución de estas especies por medio de modelos del nicho ecológico, por ejemplo MAXENT y Mahalanobis.10aMexican trout10aOncorhynchus chrysogaster1 aLuna, Arturo, Ruiz  uhttps://www.gbif.org/dataset/90711430-4260-422f-aeb2-26ce7f72f56c02599nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245021700055210006900272260001200341520189700353100002502250700002102275700003602296700002202332700002702354700002202381856001402403       2020                        eng d  a1566-062100aGenotyping-by-sequencing reveals the effects of riverscape, climate and interspecific introgression on the genetic diversity and local adaptation of the endangered Mexican golden trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster)0 aGenotypingbysequencing reveals the effects of riverscape climate  c2020///3 aHow environmental and anthropogenic factors influence genetic variation and local adaptation is a central issue in evolutionary biology. The Mexican golden trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster), one of the southernmost native salmonid species in the world, is susceptible to climate change, habitat perturbations and the competition and hybridization with exotic rainbow trout (O. mykiss). The present study aimed for the first time to use genotyping-by-sequencing to explore the effect of genetic hybridization with O. mykiss and of riverscape and climatic variables on the genetic variation among O. chrysogaster populations. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was applied to generate 9767 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genotyping 272 O. chrysogaster and O. mykiss. Population genomics analyses were combined with landscape ecology approaches into a riverine context (riverscape genetics). The clustering analyses detected seven different genetic groups (six for O. chrysogater and one for aquaculture O. mykiss) and a small amount of admixture between aquaculture and native trout with only two native genetic clusters showing exotic introgression. Latitude and precipitation of the driest month had a significant negative effect on genetic diversity and evidence of isolation by river resistance was detected, suggesting that the landscape heterogeneity was preventing trout dispersal, both for native and exotic individuals. Moreover, several outlier SNPs were identified as potentially implicated in local adaptation to local hydroclimatic variables. Overall, this study suggests that O. chrysogater may require conservation planning given (i) exotic introgression from O. mykiss locally threatening O. chrysogater genetic integrity, and (ii) putative local adaptation but low genetic diversity and hence probably reduced evolutionary potential especially in a climate change context.1 aEscalante, Marco, A.1 aPerrier, Charles1 aDe León, Francisco, J. García1 aRuiz-Luna, Arturo1 aOrtega-Abboud, Enrique1 aManel, Stéphanie  u10/gg6rgj05100nas a2200205   4500008004100000245011100041210006900152260008200221300001200303520436300315100002604678700001904704700002304723700002604746700001804772700002204790700002004812700002204832856004004854       2020                        eng d00aSpecies in the spotlight: Treasures of the Sierra Madre – Mexico’s little-known native trout diversity0 aSpecies in the spotlight Treasures of the Sierra Madre Mexico s   aCambridge, UK and Albuquerque, New Mexico, USAbIUCN and ABQ BioParkc2020///  a38 - 413 aFew individuals on our planet do not know what trout andsalmon are. They are usually recognised as highly palatable,
and often colourful species, and most who know them likely
visualize cold, beautiful, pristine, free flowing, alpine or forest
streams and rivers as their typical habitats. Many will also
know of the remarkable migrations taken by some species,
moving from their birth locations in rivers to oceans and
then returning to their birthplaces to spawn and die. Some
may recognise their importance as prized targets of anglers,
particularly fly fishers, who spare no expenses to go after
these trophies. Many others who might not be so familiar
with the characteristics just mentioned may likely recognise
species of this family as the tasty, and usually relatively costly
fish found frozen or on ice in grocery stores and fish markets,
or in cans, or smoked, or served in restaurants. Their flesh,
often pink or rosy-coloured, is prized worldwide.
There is no doubt that fishes in this family (Salmonidae)
are well known in most of the developed and developing
countries of the world and that some have become extremely
economically and globally important commercial species that
support large-scale recreational as well as wild commercial
fisheries, and are massively produced by global aquaculture.
At the same time many are also imperilled to some degree.
Before this project, the Red List database contained
140 species of Salmonids. Here we’ll focus on the genus
Oncorhynchus, commonly known as the Pacific salmons and
trout, which prior to this project was represented in the Red
List by six species. Then, setting aside the many “salmon”
of this genus, we’ll focus only on trout, specifically those of
a large and diverse lineage, best known for one species,
the famous rainbow trout (O. mykiss). Originally known only
from California and other Pacific drainages of the U.S.,
rainbow trout have long been a prized target of anglers,
and the species has been bred in captivity for at least 150
years. High demand for it for both sport fisheries, as well as
wild and captive protein production, resulted in it now being
established on every continent. It has become not only one of
the world’s most important recreational fishing species, but
also one of the planet’s most widely cultured vertebrates. It
is effectively global agriculture’s “fish version” of the chicken,
with global aquaculture production of the species in 2014
reaching 812,940 metric tonnes valued at nearly 4 billion US$
(U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) n.d.)
That rainbow trout of global fishery and aquaculture fame is
known to be one of about 10 closely related subspecies of
what is called the “coastal rainbow” branch of the evolutionary
tree of the genus. Most of those are from California, but two
native Mexican taxa have long been recognised as part of
this lineage, O. m. nelsoni (Nelson’s trout – recently reviewed
by (Ruiz Campos, 2017)) of the northernmost mountains of
Baja California, and O. chrysogaster (the Mexican golden
trout – recently covered by multiple contributors (Ruiz-Luna
& Garcia De León, 2016). Recent genetic studies (AbadíaCardoso et al., 2015) confirm those relationships and reveal,
from specimens collected by the bi-national group of
researchers known as Truchas Mexicanas (Hendrickson et
al., 2003), that Mexico’s share of the diversity in this lineage
is much greater. At least 10 more, still undescribed species
of native trout reside in remote, rugged and isolated corners
of the Sierra Madre Occidental extending as far south as
the high mountains between Mazatlán and Ciudad Durango.
Truchas Mexicanas’ fieldwork left no doubt that most share
a need for conservation actions to help their often small
and fragmented populations persist, and some are critically
imperilled (Camarena-Rosales et al., 2006; Hendrickson et
al., 2007; Hendrickson & Tomelleri 2019). While their formal
descriptions have been delayed for various reasons, recent
genetic validation of their distinctiveness, and clear need
for recognition of the need for conservation actions on
their behalf, led those studying them to petition the IUCN to
add them to the Red List while their descriptions are being
finalized. That petition was accepted and their assessments
were completed as part of this project.
1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aLyons, Timothy1 aMáiz-Tomé, Laura1 aTognelli, Marcelo, F.1 aDaniels, Adam1 aMeredith, Clayton1 aBullock, Robert1 aHarrison, Ian, J.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.26153/tsw/875506793nam a2200397   4500008004100000245006300041210005900104260008200163300000700245520544700252100003405699700002605733700002005759700002705779700001905806700003305825700003205858700003005890700003205920700002405952700003305976700002506009700003206034700003506066700003906101700002306140700003406163710001906197710002306216710002606239710001806265710002206283710002006305710002206325856004806347       2020                        eng d00aThe status and distribution of freshwater fishes in Mexico0 astatus and distribution of freshwater fishes in Mexico  aCambridge, UK and Albuquerque, New Mexico, USAbIUCN and ABQ BioParkc2020///  a813 aThe inland waters of Mexico support a highly diverse groupof freshwater fishes with high levels of endemism that occur
across a broad range of aquatic habitat types. These aquatic
ecosystems provide many direct (e.g., fisheries) and indirect
(e.g., agricultural irrigation) benefits to people, and support
local livelihoods and economies across Mexico. Freshwater
ecosystems are undervalued and receive insufficient funding,
political attention and protection. Developing interests
and funding for freshwater species conservation is crucial
for “bending the curve” to reduce and ultimately reverse
freshwater biodiversity declines. Historical disregard for the
health and sustainable use of freshwater ecosystems has
resulted in alarming rates of loss in the quality and availability
of aquatic habitat. This report presents the most recent
information on the conservation status and distribution of
freshwater fishes in Mexico, and examines the stressors that
are driving their declining conservation status. Important
conservation actions and considerations are also presented.
Five hundred and thirty-six species of freshwater fishes
were assessed against the IUCN Red List Categories and
Criteria, representing the most comprehensive assessment
of freshwater biodiversity in Mexico to date. This assessment
seeks to address the insufficient information available on
freshwater fish conservation status, which has resulted in
their inadequate representation in environmental planning
and management. The full data set, including all species
distribution maps, is freely available through the IUCN Red
List website (www.iucnredlist.org).
Forty percent of all extant species assessed are threatened
with extinction, assuming all Data Deficient species are
threatened in the same proportion as those for which
enough information was available. The most pervasive
threats are related to habitat loss and degradation, which is
driven primarily by unsustainable water use and widespread
agricultural activity. Excessive extraction of groundwater and
diversion of surface water for human consumption, industrial
processes, and plantation agriculture has led to widespread
flow reductions, reduced water tables, and subsequent drying
of aquatic habitat, which is especially prevalent in the arid,
endorheic spring systems of northern and central Mexico.
Mexico’s vast hydroelectric infrastructure has altered the
historical flow regime of many major rivers, blocking natural
migration routes and fragmenting subpopulations of native
fishes. Agricultural runoff, inadequate wastewater treatment,
and industrial discharges have also resulted in increased
levels of pollution. A number of non-native fish species
have been introduced both intentionally and unintentionally
throughout many of Mexico’s natural and artificial surface
waters, with profound impacts on native species distribution
and abundance.
Given the high connectivity of riverine surface waters
and underlying aquifers, the impacts of these threats
spread rapidly throughout freshwater ecosystems. Future
conservation efforts must place greater emphasis on
upstream, downstream, and lateral connectivity within water
catchments. Systematic conservation planning approaches
should be implemented to develop an integrated conservation
action plan for freshwater fishes in Mexico, including
broad stakeholder participation, environmental monitoring
schemes, and the development of protected areas designed
to maintain high levels of aquatic connectivity.
Another priority is to direct additional research effort towards
the high proportion of species assessed as Data Deficient due
to insufficient information on their conservation status and
distributions. This lack of information presents a significant
bottleneck to the effective management and conservation of
Mexico’s freshwater habitats and ichthyofauna.
From a policy perspective, the information presented in this
report will help support the implementation of multilateral
environmental agreements in Mexico, guide conservation
planning and priority setting at the national and international
level, and provide a baseline of conservation success in
subsequent assessments of extinction risk. In addition, this
new information will help efforts to achieve the targets of the
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as: Target
6.6 for protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems;
Target 6.5 on implementing integrated water resources
management at all levels; Target 15.1 for conservation,
restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland
freshwater ecosystems and their services; and Target 15.5
focused on urgent and significant action to reduce the
degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity
and, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species.
The IUCN Red List is one of the most authoritative global
standards supporting policy and action to conserve
biodiversity. The analysis presented in this report, based
on an assessment of species Red List status, will provide
new information to help guide conservation actions and development planning to safeguard the diversity of freshwater
ichthyofauna in Mexico. Periodic update of IUCN Red List
species assessments will enable calculation of a Red List
Index of change in freshwater species extinction risk over
time, which will inform managers on the conservation
effectiveness of any management interventions.
1 aContreras-MacBeath, Topiltzin1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aArroyave, Jairo1 aSilva, Norman, Mercado1 aKöck, Michael1 aDomínguez, Omar, Domínguez1 aGonzález, Arcadio, Valdés1 aPérez, Héctor, Espinosa1 aBalandra, María, Antonieta1 aMatamoros, Wilfredo1 aSchmitter-Soto, Juan, Jacobo1 aSoto-Galera, Eduardo1 aGonzález, Juan, Manuel Riv1 aVega-Cendejas, María, Eugenia1 aOrnelas-García, Claudia, Patricia1 aNorris, Steven, M.1 aGuerrero, Héctor, Omar Mejí1 aLyons, Timothy1 aMáiz-Tomé, Laura1 aTognelli, Marcelo, F.1 aDaniels, Adam1 aMeredith, Clayton1 aBullock, Robert1 aHarrison, Ian, J.  uhttps://portals.iucn.org/library/node/4903902887nas a2200193   4500008004100000020002500041245014600066210006900212260001600281520213700297100003602434700002302470700003202493700002102525700003102546700003602577700002402613856005602637       2020                        eng d  a0378-1909, 1573-513300aFirst steps towards the identification of evolutionarily significant units in Mexican native trout: An assessment of microsatellite variation0 aFirst steps towards the identification of evolutionarily signifi  c2020/05/15/3 aIn the remote high-elevation streams and rivers in the northwest of Mexico, there is an endemic and highly diverse group of native trout related to the rainbow trout lineage (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Currently, only two species have been formally described from this trout complex, the Mexican golden trout, O. chrysogaster, and the San Pedro Mártir rainbow trout, O. m. nelsoni, but only the former occurs in the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO). South and north of the O. chrysogaster range, there are other undescribed trout that have been recently discovered. Given the various human impacts on aquatic systems occupied by these Mexican native trout, the lack of taxonomic descriptions and the imminent risk of losing populations without their even being documented, we sought to infer a hierarchical population structure of the Mexican native trout, determine the geographic patterns of genetic diversity and gene flow among them, and identify evolutionarily significant units for a prompt conservation strategy. The allelic diversity across eleven microsatellite loci was used to assess genetic divergences of wild trout collected throughout its range in Mexico. Our results reject the old hypothesis that many of the trout in Mexico are introduced or translocated hatcheryreared rainbow trout and strongly support the new hypothesis of distinct genetic populations and lineages in the northwest of Mexico. According to the different statistical analysis of the genetic data, we distinguish between species and subspecies (O. chrysogaster, O. mykiss, and O. m. nelsoni) of the other regional lineages of undescribed trout (northern and southern) inhabiting the SMO. We also found a strong genetic substructure within these large clusters. We propose the presence of seven Evolutionarily Significant Units in the drainage basins of the SMO (two occur in the northern region, four in the southern, and one for the area of distribution of O. chrysogaster) and one in northwestern Baja California. Based in microsatellite data a minimum gene flow among populations is evidenced, resulting the presence the highly divergent populations.1 aDe León, Francisco, J. García1 aDillman, Casey, B.1 aCamarillo, Anna, Belia De L1 aGeorge, Anna, L.1 aCamarena-Rosales, Faustino1 aBarriga-Sosa, Irene, De Los Ang1 aMayden, Richard, L.  uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10641-020-00979-402557nas a2200337   4500008004100000020001400041245008500055210006900140260001600209490000800225520152900233100002601762700002001788700001901808700002101827700002201848700002001870700002201890700002901912700002201941700002101963700001901984700002002003700002402023700001702047700001902064700002002083700003102103700002302134856006202157       2020                        eng d  a1600-063300aA call for global action to conserve native trout in the 21st century and beyond0 acall for global action to conserve native trout in the 21st cent  c2020/02/21/0 vn/a3 aTrout and char (hereafter, trout) represent some of the more culturally, economically and ecologically important taxa of freshwater fishes worldwide (Kershner, Williams, Gresswell, & Lobón‐Cerviá, 2019a). Native to all continents in the Northern Hemisphere (as well as western Mediterranean Africa), trout belong to seven genera (Oncorhynchus, Salvelinus, Salmo, Hucho, Parahucho, Brachymystax and Salvethymus), which are distributed across more than 60 countries (Muhlfeld et al., 2019). Despite their broad importance as indicators of biodiversity in cold‐water ecosystems (Haak & Williams, 2013), as well as cultural icons for food and recreation, nearly half of the world's recognised trout species (IUCN, 2018) are imperilled or at risk of global extinction (Muhlfeld et al., 2018, 2019). The root causes of their vulnerability include broad‐scale alteration of landscapes and watersheds, dams, overharvest, pollution, interactions with hatchery‐bred conspecifics and non‐native species. However, emerging threats such as climate change and related problems such as the spread of diseases and parasites pose significant challenges and uncertainties to native trout and their habitats (Kovach et al., 2016; Muhlfeld et al., 2018). Ultimately, conservation of native trout depends on understanding their diversity, a willingness to address threats at their root causes and implementing progressive conservation solutions that promote persistence of these iconic species in the face of growing human pressures.1 aDauwalter, Daniel, C.1 aDuchi, Antonino1 aEpifanio, John1 aGandolfi, Andrea1 aGresswell, Robert1 aJuanes, Francis1 aKershner, Jeffrey1 aLobón‐Cerviá, Javier1 aMcGinnity, Philip1 aMeraner, Andreas1 aMikheev, Pavel1 aMorita, Kentaro1 aMuhlfeld, Clint, C.1 aPinter, Kurt1 aPost, John, R.1 aUnfer, Günther1 aVøllestad, Leif, Asbjørn1 aWilliams, Jack, E.  uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eff.12538