02626nas a2200289   4500008004100000020001400041245013500055210006900190260001600259300001600275490000700291520170200298653002202000653002002022653001802042653001202060653001902072653001602091653002302107653001402130100002802144700003102172700002002203700002402223700002302247856006602270       2015                        eng d  a1365-269900aBiodiversity in the Mexican highlands and the interaction of geology, geography and climate within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt0 aBiodiversity in the Mexican highlands and the interaction of geo  c2015/09/01/  a1586 - 16000 v423 aAim(1) To synthesize data on the physical and phylogeographical history of the Mexican highlands, with a focus on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), and (2) to propose approaches and analyses needed for examining the interaction of climate and volcanism.
Location
Mexico.
Methods
We performed a literature and data survey of the climatic, geological and phylogeographical history of the Mexican highlands. We then assessed how the expected effects of topographic isolation, co-occurring palaeoclimatic fluctuations and volcanism can be tested against the distribution of genetic diversity of high-elevation taxa.
Results
The Mexican highlands present a complex biogeographical, climatic and geological history. Montane taxa have been exposed to a sky-island dynamic through climate fluctuations, allowing for long-term in situ population persistence, while also promoting recent divergence and speciation events. Volcanic activity transformed part of the Mexican highlands during the Pleistocene, mainly in the TMVB, leading to co-occurring climate and topographical changes. The TMVB highlands provide a suitable template to examine how low-latitude mountains can facilitate both the long-term persistence of biodiversity as well as allopatric and parapatric speciation driven by climatic and geological events.
Main conclusions
Climate fluctuations, together with recent volcanism, have driven the diversification and local persistence of biodiversity within the Mexican highlands. The climate–volcanism interaction is challenging to study; however, this can be overcome by coupling genomic data with landscape analyses that integrate the geological and climatic history of the region.
10aGenetic diversity10aglacial periods10aMexican trout10aNeogene10aphylogeography10aPleistocene10atropical mountains10avolcanism1 aMastretta-Yanes, Alicia1 aMoreno-Letelier, Alejandra1 aPiñero, Daniel1 aJorgensen, Tove, H.1 aEmerson, Brent, C.  uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.12546/abstract02597nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245013500055210006900190300001600259490000700275520170100282653002201983653002002005653001802025653001202043653001902055653001602074653002302090653001402113100002802127700003102155700002002186700002402206700002302230856006602253       2015                        eng d  a1365-269900aBiodiversity in the Mexican highlands and the interaction of geology, geography and climate within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt0 aBiodiversity in the Mexican highlands and the interaction of geo  a1586–16000 v423 aAim (1) To synthesize data on the physical and phylogeographical history of the Mexican highlands, with a focus on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), and (2) to propose approaches and analyses needed for examining the interaction of climate and volcanism. Location Mexico. Methods We performed a literature and data survey of the climatic, geological and phylogeographical history of the Mexican highlands. We then assessed how the expected effects of topographic isolation, co-occurring palaeoclimatic fluctuations and volcanism can be tested against the distribution of genetic diversity of high-elevation taxa. Results The Mexican highlands present a complex biogeographical, climatic and geological history. Montane taxa have been exposed to a sky-island dynamic through climate fluctuations, allowing for long-term in situ population persistence, while also promoting recent divergence and speciation events. Volcanic activity transformed part of the Mexican highlands during the Pleistocene, mainly in the TMVB, leading to co-occurring climate and topographical changes. The TMVB highlands provide a suitable template to examine how low-latitude mountains can facilitate both the long-term persistence of biodiversity as well as allopatric and parapatric speciation driven by climatic and geological events. Main conclusions Climate fluctuations, together with recent volcanism, have driven the diversification and local persistence of biodiversity within the Mexican highlands. The climate–volcanism interaction is challenging to study; however, this can be overcome by coupling genomic data with landscape analyses that integrate the geological and climatic history of the region.10aGenetic diversity10aglacial periods10aMexican trout10aNeogene10aphylogeography10aPleistocene10atropical mountains10avolcanism1 aMastretta-Yanes, Alicia1 aMoreno-Letelier, Alejandra1 aPiñero, Daniel1 aJorgensen, Tove, H.1 aEmerson, Brent, C.  uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.12546/abstract04454nas a2200169   4500008004100000245018200041210007300223260010500296300000900401520356200410653001803972653003003990653002804020653003504048100003704083856016404120       2015                        eng d00aModelación y Caracterización Ambiental del Área de Distribución Potencial de Oncorhynchus chrysogaster (Needham y Gard, 1964) en las Cuencas de los Ríos Sinaloa y Culiacán0 aModelación y Caracterización Ambiental del Área de Distribución   aMazatlán, Sinaloa, MéxicobCentro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C.c2015/01//  a1-743 aRegarding the Mexican golden trout Oncorhynchus chrysogaster, salmonid nativeto Mexico which distribution has been restricted to river basins Fuerte, Sinaloa,
Culiacan in the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO). However, this study focused on
modeling the potential distribution of this species in the basins of Sinaloa and
Culiacán rivers, bounded at altitudes ≥ 1500 m, being little studied in relation to the
distribution of this species. There are few historical records of the species,
extending to the present study with 11 new records obtained in four samples taken
during the investigation. The environmental information required for the modeling
process comes from the bioclimatic variables WorldClim and Compound
Topographic Index HYDRO1k project. Based on this information and the records of
the species, the potential distribution of the species with BIOCLIM, GARP and
MAXENT methods that relate common occurrence data (geographical location) of
one species with the set of environmental variables was modeled. The three
models agree in locating distribution sites above 1500 m, which is considered as
altitudinal limit, however there are differences in the extent and final distribution
area, having higher affinity to the results obtained with GARP and MAXENT,
compared with results generated with BIOCLIM. To assess the predictive ability of
different modeling methods mentioned before a statistical method known as
Jackknife resampling, which is appropriate when you have fewer than 25 records
of occurrence was applied. The model validation GARP places as the method has
a higher predictive success, followed by MAXENT.
Con relación a la trucha dorada mexicana Oncorhynchus chrysogaster, salmónido
nativo de México cuya distribución se ha restringido a las cuencas de los ríos
Fuerte, Sinaloa y Culiacán, en la Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO). A pesar de ello,
el presente estudio se centró en el modelado de la distribución potencial de esta
especie en las cuencas de los ríos Sinaloa y Culiacán, acotadas a altitudes ≥ 1500
msnm, por estar escasamente estudiadas con relación a la distribución de esta
especie. Dentro de esta área se cuenta con pocos registros históricos de
presencia de la especie, ampliándose con el presente estudio con 11 registros
nuevos obtenidos en cuatro muestreos realizadas durante la investigación. La
información ambiental requerida para el proceso de modelado procede de las
variables bioclimáticas de WorldClim y el Índice Compuesto Topográfico del
proyecto HYDRO1k. Con base en dicha información y con los registros de la
especie, se modeló la distribución potencial de la especie con los métodos
BIOCLIM, GARP y MAXENT, que en común relacionan datos de presencia
(posición geográfica) de una especie con el conjunto de variables ambientales.
Los tres modelos coinciden en ubicar los sitios de distribución por arriba de los
1500 msnm, que se ha considerado como límite altitudinal, sin embargo existen
diferencias en cuanto a la extensión y área de distribución final, existiendo mayor
afinidad en los resultados obtenidos con GARP y MAXENT, comparativamente
con los resultados generados con BIOCLIM. Para evaluar la capacidad predictiva
de los diferentes métodos de modelación mencionados anteriormente se aplicó un
método estadístico de remuestreo conocido como Jackknife, el cual es apropiado
cuando se tiene menos de 25 registros de ocurrencia. La validación de los
modelos coloca a GARP como el método que presenta un mayor éxito predictivo,
seguido por MAXENT.
10aMexican trout10aOncorhynchus chrysogaster10aSierra Madre Occidental10aspecies distribution modelling1 aRamírez-Huerta, Alejandro, Luis  uhttps://truchasmexicanas.myspecies.info/content/modelaci%C3%B3n-y-caracterizaci%C3%B3n-ambiental-del-%C3%A1rea-de-distribuci%C3%B3n-potencial-de-oncorhynchus-002024nam a2200133   4500008004100000020002200041245022400063210007200287260009000359300000800449520124000457100002701697856016601724       2017                        eng d  a978-607-607-423-700aLa Trucha Arcoíris de la Sierra San Pedro Mártir: bionomía, ecología poblacional, hábitat y conservación / The Rainbow Trout of the Sierra San Pedro Mártir: bionomics, population ecology, habitat and conservation0 aLa Trucha Arcoíris de la Sierra San Pedro Mártir bionomía ecolog  aMexicali, Baja California, MéxicobUniversidad Autónoma de Baja Californiac2017///  a2803 aEsta obra recopila y sintetiza la información que ha sido generada por elautor y otros durante los últimos 30 años sobre los aspectos bionómicos,
poblacionales, hábitat y conservación de la trucha arcoíris costera, Oncorhynchus
mykiss nelsoni (Evermann), una subespecie endémica de los
arroyos de la pendiente occidental de la sierra San Pedro Mártir, en Baja
California, México.
Esta trucha, considerada en protección especial, representa la subespecie
más austral del complejo arcoíris en Norteamérica, cuyas poblaciones
enfrentan una serie de amenazas vinculadas con la alteración de hábitats
por impacto del ganado vacuno, la reducción de los fl ujos de los arroyos
por extracción y canalización para irrigación agrícola, y la reducción que,
eventualmente, tendrá su distribución altitudinal por el inminente efecto
del cambio climático global. Por ello, la conservación poblacional de esta
trucha dependerá de la planeación y aplicación oportuna de un programa
de conservación holística a nivel de cuencas hidrológicas que permita
garantizar la continuidad de este taxón endémico que es un patrimonio
biológico y un elemento insustituible de la historia natural de la sierra San
Pedro Mártir.
1 aCampos, Gorgonio, Ruiz  uhttps://truchasmexicanas.myspecies.info/content/la-trucha-arco%C3%ADris-de-la-sierra-san-pedro-m%C3%A1rtir-bionom%C3%ADa-ecolog%C3%ADa-poblacional-h%C3%A1bitat-y02386nas a2200169   4500008004100000020002500041245022700066210006900293260001600362300001100378520161600389100002202005700003102027700003602058700003502094856008702129       2017                        eng d  a0378-1909, 1573-513300aPotential distribution of endangered Mexican golden trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster) in the Rio Sinaloa and Rio Culiacan basins (Sierra Madre Occidental) based on landscape characterization and species distribution models0 aPotential distribution of endangered Mexican golden trout Oncorh  c2017/06/01/  a1 - 133 aThe Mexican Golden Trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster) is a threatened native species inhabiting three river basins in the Sierra Madre Occidental. Despite some efforts from science groups to obtain information about this trout, the Rio Sinaloa and Rio Culiacan basins, to the south, remain the least studied area, compared to the Rio Fuerte basin. To overcome this gap, a survey (2014 to 2015) was undertaken to obtain new records and confirm the presence for historic records in both watersheds. After filtering records for this species, eighteen locations were used to model potential distribution, using the GARP and MaxEnt, including landscape characterization based on hydrologic analysis and satellite imagery classification. Coincidence between models was >85% for a potential distribution area of 4300 km2, defined by six bioclimatic and physiographic variables, with the hydrologic network covering 3000 km. To avoid overestimation, the final distribution area included only the 100 m fringe surrounding the drainage network and its associated landscape features. Jackknife resampling was used to validate both the models, successfully predicting more than 80% of the locations (p < 0.001). The estimated area covers 275 km2, mainly defined by second- and third-order streams, at altitudes >2000 m, high water quality (transparent, dissolved oxygen >5 mg L-1; temperature < 26 °C), and was part of a matrix of undisturbed forests. This study provides new findings about this endangered species and new elements for designing appropriate monitoring programs supporting trout conservation and management.1 aRuiz-Luna, Arturo1 aHernández-Guzmán, Rafael1 aDe León, Francisco, J. García1 aRamírez-Huerta, Alejandro, L.  uhttps://link-springer-com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/article/10.1007/s10641-017-0624-z02782nas a2200121   4500008004100000245012600041210006900167260006200236300000800298520226500306100003002571856005902601       2017                        eng d00aRiverscape genetics in the endangered Mexican Golden Trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster) in Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico0 aRiverscape genetics in the endangered Mexican Golden Trout Oncor  aMontpellier, FrancebUniversité Montpellierc2017/09/29/  a1823 aThe combined effect of different threats has caused an accelerated loss of biodiversity in endemic species. Then, it is crucial to quantify potential extinction risks as consequence of global change related with human activities, especially in range restricted species. An example of that situation is represented by the native Mexican trout complex inhabiting the highlands of northwest Mexico and representing the group of salmonids with the southernmost distribution in the world, with the Mexican golden trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster) and the coastal nelson trout (O. mykiss nelsoni) as the only described species for this complex.However, as mountaintop species, these salmonids are highly vulnerable to global change effects, mainly by climate change and the introduction of the exotic rainbow trout for aquaculture purposes. The overall aim of this PhD project is to assess the possible relationships between microevolutionary processes of the Mexican golden trout, as well as the spatial structure of their habitat defining extinction risks derived by global change.To address those questions, a riverscape genetics approach was applied at different spatial scales and taxonomic levels including population genetics analyses based on neutral microsatellite markers and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), G.I.S. (Geographic Information Systems; riverscape characterizations), species distribution modeling and demo-genetic simulations.Initially, population genetics analyses of 11 microsatellite loci revealed a spatial genetic structure for the entire Mexican trout complex as well as genetic introgression for native trout collected in aquaculture farm proximities, these results were corroborated by other using more microsatellite and SNPs markers. Moreover, focusing on O. chrysogaster, species distribution models and demogetic simulations defined riverscape as the main factor driving native population genetic structure, and as a boundary against exotic introgression. Additionally, 9,676 SNP’s were generated by NGS techniques defining a cryptic genetic structure for O. chrysogaster. Finally, landscape genomics approaches revealed a significant influence of riverscape factors on the neutral and adaptive genetic structure of the species.1 aSanchez, Marco, Alejandro  uhttps://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01697876/document01699nas a2200349   4500008004100000245005800041210005700099260002600156300001400182490000600196520073500202653001900937653002300956653001700979653001200996653002201008653001101030653001901041653002401060653001101084653002301095653001001118653001301128100002101141700001801162700001401180700002401194700002101218700002801239700002701267856005501294       2017                        eng d00aCold-Water Fishes and Climate Change in North America0 aColdWater Fishes and Climate Change in North America  bElsevierc2017/11/29/  a103 - 1110 v23 aTrout, salmon, grayling and whitefishes (Salmonidae) are among the most ecologically and economically important fishes. They also are among the most vulnerable to global warming, and increasing drought, floods, and wildfires. In North America, salmonids occur from central Mexico northward along coastal regions and mountainous interiors to the Arctic Plains. A variety of existing stressors have reduced population sizes and extent and fragmented habitats, making salmonid populations increasingly vulnerable to climate-driven disturbances. This contribution explores specific threats posed by climate change and suggests actions that can help these coldwater-dependent species adapt to an increasingly warm and uncertain future.10aclimate change10aCumulative impacts10aDisturbances10aDrought10aFish conservation10aFloods10aGlobal warming10aOcean acidification10aSalmon10aStream restoration10atrout10aWildfire1 aWilliams, J., E.1 aIsaak, D., J.1 aImhof, J.1 aHendrickson, D., A.1 aMcMillan, J., R.1 aDellaSala, Dominick, A.1 aGoldstein, Michael, I.  uhttps://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809665-9.09505-702152nas a2200253   4500008004100000020001400041245008700055210007000142260001600212490000700228520133300235653001701568653001501585653002301600653001701623653001001640100002901650700002701679700003201706700003501738700003201773700003101805856006201836       2018                        eng d  a2007-870600aLa importancia y diversidad de los recursos pesqueros del río Usumacinta, México0 aLa importancia y diversidad de los recursos pesqueros del río Us  c2018/11/22/0 v893 aLa cuenca del Usumacinta es uno de los principales sistemas hidrológicos de México, posee una alta diversidad de flora y fauna, y constituye el último río vivo en el país, por consiguiente la generación de info rmación que ayude a su aprovechamiento sustentable es urgente. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la diversidad de especies asociada a la pesca en la cuenca del Usumacinta, haciendo énfasis en la importancia de las especies introducidas en relación a la diversidad de especies explotadas. La cuenca fue dividida en 3 regiones (selva, lagunas y costa). En toda la cuenca, la pesca de pequeña escala explota 35 especies (30 especies de peces y 5 de crustáceos). La mojarra pinta (Parachromis managuensis), la tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), el bobo escama (Ctenopharyngodon idella), la carpa común (Cyprinus carpio), la carpa roja (Carassius auratus) y los plecos (Pterygoplichthys spp.) son especiesintroducidas, representando 20.7% del total. En la zona selva, las especies introducidas alcanzaron altas tasas de captura, siendo las carpas las más capturadas. A pesar de que estas especies son parte fundamental de las pesquerías del Usumacinta, sus efectos sobre el ecosistema deben ser analizados, especialmente especies con altas abundancias y nula importancia comercial como los plecos.10aConectividad10aCyprinidae10aEspecies invasoras10aLoricariidae10aPesca1 aMendoza-Carranza, Manuel1 aArévalo-Frías, Wendi1 aEspinoza-Tenorio, Alejandro1 aHernández-Lazo, Christian, C.1 aÁlvarez-Merino, Arturo, M.1 aRodiles-Hernández, Rocío  uhttp://revista.ib.unam.mx/index.php/bio/article/view/218202000nas a2200169   4500008004100000245016400041210006900205260001600274520134000290100002401630700002101654700003301675700002301708700002801731700002201759856004901781       2018                        eng d00aEffect of riverscape and exotic introgression on the genetic structure and local adaptation of the endangered Mexican golden trout (                          )0 aEffect of riverscape and exotic introgression on the genetic str  c2018/12/19/3 aHow environmental and anthropogenic factors influence genetic variation and local adaptation is a central issue in evolutionary biology. The Mexican golden trout (            
            ), one of the southernmost native salmonid species in the world, is susceptible to climate change, habitat perturbations and the introduction of exotic rainbow trout (
            
            ) for aquaculture. The present study aimed to explore the effect of both genetic introgression from
            
            and riverscape variables on the genetic variation of
            
            . Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was applied to generate 9 767 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genotyping 270
            
            and aquaculture trout. Population genomics analyses were combined with riverscape genetics approaches. A small degree of admixture was identified between aquaculture and native trout, and significant effects of riverscape variables on genetic diversity were detected, as well as evidence of isolation by riverscape resistance within a basin. Gene-environment associations identified genes potentially implicated in adaptation to local hydroclimatic variables. This is an integrative study using a non-common multi-scale approach in landscape genetics for the conservation of an endangered riverine species.
1 aEscalante, Marco, A1 aPerrier, Charles1 ade Leon, Francisco, J Garcia1 aLuna, Arturo, Ruiz1 aAbboud, Enrique, Ortega1 aManel, Stéphanie  uhttp://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/50004103305nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245015800055210006900213260001400282300000800296490000700304520249800311100003402809700003202843700002302875700003102898700002902929700003102958700002102989856007703010       2018                        eng d  a1471-214800aHistorical biogeography reveals new independent evolutionary lineages in the Pantosteus plebeius-nebuliferus species-group (Actinopterygii: Catostomidae)0 aHistorical biogeography reveals new independent evolutionary lin  c2018/12//  a1730 v183 aThe Pantosteus plebeius-nebuliferus species-group is a group of freshwater fishes distributed in endo- and exorheic drainage basins in the Mexican Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range system and central North Mexico. The geological history of this region is considered an important factor in explaining the evolutionary history of low vagility animals like freshwaters fishes. The aim of this study was to examine the phylogenetic relationships and describe the evolutionary history of the species-group. We hypothesized that the genetic structure and distribution of the main clades of Pantosteus plebeius-nebuliferus are associated with the geological history of Northern Mexico. To this end, we obtained DNA sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear genes and performed phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses. Divergence time estimation and ancestral area reconstruction were also carried out to propose a biogeographical hypothesis, and species boundaries within the species-group were also tested. We identified four clades within the Pantosteus plebeius-nebuliferus species-group in both markers. Divergence ranged from 5.9% to 9.2% for cytb and 0.1% to 0.9% for GHI. We observed significant genetic structure and no shared haplotypes between clades. We estimated that the clades diverged during the last 5.1 Myr, with a biogeographic scenario suggesting eight vicariant and four dispersal events through the historic range of the species-group. We found that the best species-delimitation model is when four species are assumed, which correspond to the main clades. We identified nine evolutionary significance units (ESUs), pertinent to the conservation of the group, each representing populations present in distinct drainage basins. The evolutionary history of the Pantosteus plebeius-nebuliferus species-group is characterized by vicariant post-dispersal processes, linked to geological changes in the Sierra Madre Occidental and central Northern Mexico since the Pliocene. This is congruent with biogeographic patterns described for other co-distributed fish species. We propose a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the species-group, clarifying the taxonomy of this evolutionarily complex group. Our results suggest that the species-group consists of at least four clades with independent evolutionary histories, two of which may represent new undescribed species. Our identification of ESUs provides a basis upon which conservation measures can be developed for the species-group.1 aCorona-Santiago, Diushi, Keri1 aDomínguez-Domínguez, Omar1 aTovar-Mora, Llanet1 aPardos-Blas, José, Ramón1 aHerrerías-Diego, Yvonne1 aPérez-Rodríguez, Rodolfo1 aDoadrio, Ignacio  uhttps://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-018-1286-y03426nas a2200241   4500008004100000245012700041210007000168260001200238300001400250490000700264520257200271653002502843653002402868653002002892653001702912100003702929700003202966700002902998700003103027700003103058700002603089856006903115       2019                        eng d00aVariabilidad genética poblacional de la trucha Yaqui (Oncorhynchus sp.) en la región de Mesa Tres Ríos, Sonora, México0 aVariabilidad genética poblacional de la trucha Yaqui Oncorhynchu  c2019///  a134 - 1420 v213 aLa trucha Yaqui pertenece a un grupo de truchas nativas no descritas del género Oncorhynchus del Noroeste de México. Estudios morfológicos y moleculares postulan a la trucha Yaqui como una nueva especie exclusiva para las cuencas de los ríos Yaqui, Mayo y Casas Grandes y, evolutivamente muy cercana a la trucha arcoíris, Oncorhynchus mykiss. El conocimiento de su historia natural es escaso. Se estudió la variabilidad genética poblacional y su estatus de conservación en su distribución en Sonora en la región de Mesa Tres Ríos. Se muestrearon seis arroyos de aguas frías (localidades) en la región de Mesa Tres Ríos en dos vertientes geográficas en la búsqueda de estructura genética poblacional. Se analizaron 61 secuencias completas de la región control del ADN mitocondrial. Se obtuvieron nueve haplotipos, tres de ellos se encontraron en ambas vertientes de las localidades del área estudiada. Los resultados mostraron una baja diferenciación genética poblacional (Fst = 0.08035) y un moderado número de migrantes por generación (Nem = 5.72), que resulta en una falta de estructura poblacional y sustenta la hipótesis de una sola población de trucha Yaqui en las vertientes muestreadas de la región de Mesa Tres Ríos, Sonora.Yaqui trout belongs to a group of undescribed native trouts of the Oncorhynchus genus in the Northwest Mexico. Morphological  and  molecular  studies  postulate  the  Yaqui  trout as a new species exclusively inhabiting the Yaqui, Mayo and Casas Grandes rivers basins, and with a very close evolu-tionary relationship to the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus my-kiss. Knowledge of its natural history is scarce. We studied the population genetic variability and its conservation status in its distribution in Sonora in the Mesa Tres Ríos region. Six cold water streams (localities) were sampled in the Mesa Tres Ríos region in two geographic slopes in the search for population genetic  structure.  We  analyzed  61  complete  sequences  of  the mitochondrial DNA control region. Nine haplotypes were obtained, three of them found in both slopes of the localities in the studied area. Results showed a low population genetic differentiation  (Fst  =  0.08035),  and  a  moderate  number  of  migrants per generation (Nem = 5.72), which results in a lack of  population  structure,  and  supports  the  hypothesis  of  a  single  population  of  Yaqui  trout  in  the  sampled  watersheds  from the Mesa Tres Ríos region, Sonora.Keywords:  Control  region,  Genetic  structure,  Yaqui  trout,  Northwest Mexico
10aEstructura genética10aNoroeste de México10aRegión control10atrucha Yaqui1 aBallesteros-Córdova, Carlos, A.1 aVarela-Romero, Alejandro, V1 aGrijalva-Chon, José, M.1 aCastillo-Gámez, Reyna, A.1 aCamarena-Rosales, Faustino1 aRuiz-Campos, Gorgonio  uhttp://biotecnia.unison.mx/index.php/biotecnia/article/view/104502748nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245011200055210007100167260001600238300001400254490000700268520200500275100003102280700002602311700003102337700003802368700003402406700003802440856006402478       2018                        eng d  a2215-207500aComposición taxonómica y abundancia espacio-temporal de la ictiofauna del Río Presidio, Sinaloa, México0 aComposición taxonómica y abundancia espaciotemporal de la ictiof  c2018/05/24/  a848 - 8620 v663 aTaxonomic composition and spatio-temporal abundance of the ichthyofauna in Presidio River, Sinaloa, Mexico. The Rio Presidio in the southern Sinaloa, Mexico belongs to Nearctic-Neotropical zoogeographical transition zone, where its fish fauna could manifest changes in the abundance and distribution of the species during rainy and dry periods. The main objective of this study was to describe the taxonomic composition and spatial and temporal abundance of the fish fauna from the lower and middle Rio Presidio, by means of bimonthly samplings from April 2008 to February 2009. Forty fish species (39 native and 1 exotic) belonging to 32 genera and 19 families were registered. Two families (Gerreidae and Poeciliidae) contained the highest numbers of species (five and four, respectively). Six species (Lile stolifera, Oreochromis aureus, Awaous banana, Anchoa analis, Gobiomorus maculatus and Atherinella crystallina) in this order of importance contributed with almost 49 % of the total fish abundance. Species richness and salinity showed a direct relationship and an inverse relationship with the altitude. Based on the coefficient of similarity of species among sites two fish assemblages were identified. The first assemblage formed by species from marine derivation (peripheral) occurring in the lower part of the river, and the second assemblage by secondary freshwater species in the middle part. The higher fish species similarity observed in August and September was under the influence of the highest flows of the rainy period. Twenty-seven 27 species showed affinity to the Tropical Eastern Pacific Region, six species to the Neotropical region and two to the Nearctic region (Dorosoma smithi and Ictalurus cf. pricei ); one species has an Amphiatlantic distribution (Mugil curema), another is circumtropical (Mugil cephalus), two species have Amphiamerican distribution (A. monticola and G. cinereus), and one is exotic (O. aureus). Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 848-862. Epub 2018 June 01.1 aSánchez-Gonzáles, Sergio1 aRuiz-Campos, Gorgonio1 aHerrrera-Flores, Alejandro1 aLozano-Vilano, María, de Lourdes1 aGonzález-Acosta, Adrián, F.1 aInzunza-Beltrán, Héctor, Manuel  uhttps://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/3341802977nas a2200289   4500008004100000020001400041245017000055210006900225260001200294300001600306490000700322520198600329653001402315653001702329653001802346653003002364653001802394653002402412653003502436653002202471100003202493700003602525700002402561700001902585700002202604856006102626       2018                        eng d  a1365-269900aThe interplay of riverscape features and exotic introgression on the genetic structure of the Mexican golden trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster), a simulation approach0 ainterplay of riverscape features and exotic introgression on the  c2018///  a1500 - 15140 v453 aAim We explored the factors between riverscape features and exotic introgression of cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that drive the current genetic structure in the endemic Mexican golden trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster) using a riverscape genetics simulator. Location Sierra Madre Occidental, Northwest Mexico, North America. Methods We created a system model for Mexican golden trout to test various scenarios for the effect of riverscape resistance and rainbow trout introgression on the native genetic structure of the Mexican golden trout. Individual genotypes were used to initialize the model and were based upon empirical allele frequencies from three genetically and spatially distinct groups in the study area. The geographical location of the simulated populations was defined using a species distribution model. We included hypotheses for movement of riverine distance and riverscape resistance. We evaluated model performance by conducting population and landscape genetics analyses on the simulation outputs. Results The most plausible scenario included riverscape resistance without introgression, which presented a spatial genetic structure matching the observed riverscape genetic structure and fitting expected general life-history patterns for high elevation trout streams. In addition, temperature, precipitation, hydrology and topography were the most important variables influencing species occurrence and dispersal. Main conclusion This work presents one of the first empirically derived simulation studies of introgression. It highlights the importance of considering riverscape resistance (i.e. hydroclimatic and topographical gradient effects) in models of spatial genetic structure and introgression. Moreover, our modelling suggests that what we characterize as riverscape resistance is acting as a boundary against exotic introgression. The results of this study could help to develop management strategies that preserve native gene pools.10aCDMetaPOP10aexotic trout10aMexican trout10aOncorhynchus chrysogaster10arainbow trout10ariverscape genetics10aspecies distribution modelling10aTruchas Mexicanas1 aEscalante, Marco, Alejandro1 aDe León, Francisco, J. García1 aRuiz‐Luna, Arturo1 aLandguth, Erin1 aManel, Stéphanie  uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jbi.1324603319nas a2200253   4500008004100000245008600041210006900127260007700196300000800273520249100281653002502772653001202797653001302809653001802822653002002840653001702860653001402877653001802891653002402909653003702933653002202970100002802992856004503020       2014                        eng d00aGenetic Investigation Of The Pacific Trout Complex: From Pedigrees To Phylogenies0 aGenetic Investigation Of The Pacific Trout Complex From Pedigree  aSanta Cruz, CaliforniabUniversity of California Santa Cruzc2014/01/01/  a1643 aPerhaps one of the world's most important groups of fish are the species within the Pacific trout complex, due to their harvest in fisheries and use in aquaculture. This dissertation consists of an in-depth evaluation of this group at different scales, from the assessment of biological traits throughout the reconstruction of pedigrees in two populations to a phylogeographic examination of multiple largely undescribed species. Here, a combination of novel molecular techniques allowed me to address critical ecological questions for the management and conservation of this group.In chapter one, I describe the discovery, characterization and development of single nucleotide polymorphisms for <italic>O. mykiss<italic> for the study of ecological interactions, phylogeography, and conservation status. These tools have great power for population genetic analysis, and for individual identification and pedigree reconstruction. The last allows the tracking of families, and an unprecedented level of evaluation of natural and hatchery populations.Chapter two expands the scope of these molecular tools to provide a powerful means of understanding of biological traits for steelhead hatchery programs in the Russian River, California. Reconstruction of cohort age distributions revealed a strong component of fish that spawn at age two, in contrast to program goals and distinct from naturally spawning steelhead. Correlations between family members in the day of spawning revealed a strongly heritable component to this life history trait and demonstrated the potential for selection to alter life history traits. These results demonstrate the promise of SNP-based pedigree reconstruction for providing biological inference in high-fecundity organisms.Chapter three describes how the molecular tools developed were applied to population genetics of trout inhabiting northwestern Mexico, to elucidate biodiversity, and evolutionary history, and measure introgression from hatchery rainbow trout. Here, I confirmed the vast genetic diversity present in northwestern Mexican trout and provided evidence that trout inhabiting the Sierra Madre Occidental correspond to independent lineages separated from <italic>O. mykiss<italic>. Introgression from non-native trout was detected, but the genetic integrity of native trout is still maintained. All the information presented in this document will help to guide effective conservation strategies for this globally important group of fishes.10aConservation biology10aEcology10aGenetics10aMexican trout10aMicrosatellites10aOncorhynchus10aPedigrees10aPhylogenetics10aPopulation genetics10aSingle nucleotride polymorphisms10aTruchas Mexicanas1 aAbadía-Cardoso, Alicia  uhttp://escholarship.org/uc/item/4ks0b0sm04452nas a2200169   4500008004100000245018200041210007300223260010500296300000900401520356200410653001803972653003003990653002804020653003504048100003704083856016204120       2015                        eng d00aModelación y Caracterización Ambiental del Área de Distribución Potencial de Oncorhynchus chrysogaster (Needham y Gard, 1964) en las Cuencas de los Ríos Sinaloa y Culiacán0 aModelación y Caracterización Ambiental del Área de Distribución   aMazatlán, Sinaloa, MéxicobCentro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C.c2015/01//  a1-743 aRegarding the Mexican golden trout Oncorhynchus chrysogaster, salmonid nativeto Mexico which distribution has been restricted to river basins Fuerte, Sinaloa,
Culiacan in the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO). However, this study focused on
modeling the potential distribution of this species in the basins of Sinaloa and
Culiacán rivers, bounded at altitudes ≥ 1500 m, being little studied in relation to the
distribution of this species. There are few historical records of the species,
extending to the present study with 11 new records obtained in four samples taken
during the investigation. The environmental information required for the modeling
process comes from the bioclimatic variables WorldClim and Compound
Topographic Index HYDRO1k project. Based on this information and the records of
the species, the potential distribution of the species with BIOCLIM, GARP and
MAXENT methods that relate common occurrence data (geographical location) of
one species with the set of environmental variables was modeled. The three
models agree in locating distribution sites above 1500 m, which is considered as
altitudinal limit, however there are differences in the extent and final distribution
area, having higher affinity to the results obtained with GARP and MAXENT,
compared with results generated with BIOCLIM. To assess the predictive ability of
different modeling methods mentioned before a statistical method known as
Jackknife resampling, which is appropriate when you have fewer than 25 records
of occurrence was applied. The model validation GARP places as the method has
a higher predictive success, followed by MAXENT.
Con relación a la trucha dorada mexicana Oncorhynchus chrysogaster, salmónido
nativo de México cuya distribución se ha restringido a las cuencas de los ríos
Fuerte, Sinaloa y Culiacán, en la Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO). A pesar de ello,
el presente estudio se centró en el modelado de la distribución potencial de esta
especie en las cuencas de los ríos Sinaloa y Culiacán, acotadas a altitudes ≥ 1500
msnm, por estar escasamente estudiadas con relación a la distribución de esta
especie. Dentro de esta área se cuenta con pocos registros históricos de
presencia de la especie, ampliándose con el presente estudio con 11 registros
nuevos obtenidos en cuatro muestreos realizadas durante la investigación. La
información ambiental requerida para el proceso de modelado procede de las
variables bioclimáticas de WorldClim y el Índice Compuesto Topográfico del
proyecto HYDRO1k. Con base en dicha información y con los registros de la
especie, se modeló la distribución potencial de la especie con los métodos
BIOCLIM, GARP y MAXENT, que en común relacionan datos de presencia
(posición geográfica) de una especie con el conjunto de variables ambientales.
Los tres modelos coinciden en ubicar los sitios de distribución por arriba de los
1500 msnm, que se ha considerado como límite altitudinal, sin embargo existen
diferencias en cuanto a la extensión y área de distribución final, existiendo mayor
afinidad en los resultados obtenidos con GARP y MAXENT, comparativamente
con los resultados generados con BIOCLIM. Para evaluar la capacidad predictiva
de los diferentes métodos de modelación mencionados anteriormente se aplicó un
método estadístico de remuestreo conocido como Jackknife, el cual es apropiado
cuando se tiene menos de 25 registros de ocurrencia. La validación de los
modelos coloca a GARP como el método que presenta un mayor éxito predictivo,
seguido por MAXENT.
10aMexican trout10aOncorhynchus chrysogaster10aSierra Madre Occidental10aspecies distribution modelling1 aRamírez-Huerta, Alejandro, Luis  uhttps://truchasmexicanas.myspecies.info/content/modelaci%C3%B3n-y-caracterizaci%C3%B3n-ambiental-del-%C3%A1rea-de-distribuci%C3%B3n-potencial-de-oncorhynchus01735nas a2200193   4500008004100000020002200041245005800063210005700121260006700178300001400245520109000259100002601349700002601375700002601401700002301427700002601450700002701476856003801503       2019                        eng d  a978-1-934874-54-700aNative Trout of Mexico: Treasures of the Sierra Madre0 aNative Trout of Mexico Treasures of the Sierra Madre  aBethesda, Maryland, USAbAmerican Fisheries Societyc2019/09//  a251 - 2783 aAmerican theatergoers are familiar with director John Huston’s classic movie of 1948, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, based on a novel written by B. Traven and starring Humphrey Bogart as Fred C. Dobbs. At least north of the border, Traven’s tale of loco gringos prospecting for gold made Mexico’s rugged mountains famous, and many cinephiles still recognize the famous quote by Gold Hat the bandito: “Badges! We ain’t got no badges. We don’t need no badges! I don’t have to show you any stinking badges.” Huston filmed most of his mountain scenes on location in Mexico, and some 50 years later, we found ourselves in the Sierra Madre Occidental (henceforth, SMO) of northwest Mexico with our own saga of prospecting for “gold” beginning to unfold. Always without badges but often stinking after days of back-country camping and hiking, our binational and otherwise diverse cast of academic, government, and nonprofit biologists and fly fishers came to call itself Truchas Mexicanas (Mexican trout), after the different, but also gilded, treasure we were chasing.1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aTomelleri, Joseph, R.1 aKershner, Jeffrey, L.1 aWilliams, Jack, E.1 aGresswell, Robert, E.1 aLobón-Cerviá, Javier  uhttps://hdl.handle.net/2152/8174700544nas a2200145   4500008004100000245002200041210002200063260001600085520016200101653002500263653001800288653002200306100002600328856004400354       2019                        eng d00aTruchas Mexicanas0 aTruchas Mexicanas  c2019/04/30/3 aGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility. Free and Open Access to Biodiversity Data. Preliminary dataset published by http://truchasmexicanas.myspecies.info/10aMexican golden trout10aMexican trout10aTruchas Mexicanas1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.  uhttp://truchasmexicanas.myspecies.info/02355nas a2200145   4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260001600197490000600213520187900219100002602098700001902124700002202143856004402165       2019                        eng d00aUndescribed Mexican trout diversity: an update and conservation status assessments0 aUndescribed Mexican trout diversity an update and conservation s  c2019/11/26/0 v83 aTwo Mexican trout taxa are formally described (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster, and O. mykiss nelsoni), but many other congeners have long been informally recognized as likely distinct. For more than two decades, the binational Truchas Mexicanas team searched for and collected trout broadly throughout the Sierra Madre Occidental of Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa and Durango. That fieldwork documented that the native range of the genus extends to the Tropic of Cancer, or ~1000 km S of El Paso, Texas, and indicates that most of Mexico's trout exist as small, isolated populations with very restricted ranges. Genetic studies of Truchas Mexicana's specimens demonstrated that the many distinctive lineages found in Mexico are at least as divergent from one another as are their much more thoroughly-studied relatives in the O. mykiss complex in the Western U.S.A. When an opportunity presented itself to list the many still undescribed Mexican forms in the IUCN Red List, as part of a large project to assess the conservation status of the entire Mexican freshwater fish fauna, the authors rapidly compiled the necessary documentation and submitted the required proposal. Once the proposal was accepted, we then worked with IUCN staff to finalize formal conservation assessments that should be published in the Red List about 1 month after this presentation is given at the 2019 meeting. We hope that this official listing of these 12 mostly undescribed Mexican endemic species, with 3 determined to be Critically Endangered (CR), 5 Endangered (EN), 3 Near Threatened (NT), and one Data Deficient (DD), will call attention to this important biodiversity asset and open doors for much-needed financial support for the conservation actions that are so desperately needed. Meanwhile, work continues on the morphologically difficult diagnoses of the new species and their descriptions.1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aLyons, Timothy1 aTomelleri, Joseph  uhttps://f1000research.com/slides/8-199002270nam a2200169   4500008004100000020002200041245003200063210003200095260006700127300000800194520171800202110002601920710002301946710002601969710002701995856007802022       2019                        eng d  a978-1-934874-54-700aTrout and Char of the World0 aTrout and Char of the World  aBethesda, Maryland, USAbAmerican Fisheries Societyc2019/09//  a7773 aThis is the first comprehensive look at the taxonomy, life history, and conservation status of the world’s trout and char. These are fascinating and beautiful fish that rate high for the angler as well as for tourist and recreational economies. Trout and char also play key roles in the ecology of many lake and river systems around the world. Trout and char are abundant in many regions, but most native species are on the decline. Some are classified as vulnerable, threatened, or endangered. Because of their widespread stocking in regions where they are not native, some trout and char also are the cause for threats to other native species. Loss of habitat, an expanding human population, and rapid climate change are challenging their future as streams warm and waters become more variable in their flows. This book examines trout and char from all these perspectives. Early chapters explore the unique diversity and life history aspects of trout and char and provide information on the taxonomy and systematics while also detailing some of unique life histories. New information is presented about species diversity and distributions by country. Summary chapters explore significant conservation and management challenges of broad interest to scientists, resource managers, anglers, and interested public. The book end s with a series of essays exploring the future of trout and char over the next 50 years. This book will be a primary resource for trout and char biologists, conservationists, and anglers in the many countries where trout and char are native or have been introduced, and a resource for anyone interested in learning more about the diversity and distribution of trout and char worldwide.1 aKershner, Jeffrey, L.1 aWilliams, Jack, E.1 aGresswell, Robert, E.1 aLobón-Cerviá, Javier  uhttps://fisheries.org/bookstore/all-titles/professional-and-trade/55081c/02403nas a2200169   4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260001600197490001400213520178300227653002102010653002202031653001402053653001502067100002202082856012902104       2019                        eng d00aIndigenous Self-Determination and Drug Trafficking in Mexico’s Tarahumara Region0 aIndigenous SelfDetermination and Drug Trafficking in Mexico s Ta  c2019/08/20/0 v2018-20193 aIN OCTOBER 2018, Julián Carrillo Martínez, an indigenous Rarámuri defender, was killed in his community of Coloradas de la Virgen, located in the municipality of Guadalupe y Calvo, in the northern state of Chihuahua, Mexico. Together with his community, Julián had actively defended indigenous Rarámuri lands and forests against dispossession by different actors, members of drug-trafficking organizations among them.Julián’s murder is the tip of the iceberg. Every day, indigenous people in the Tarahumara region face acts of racial violence that affect their land, their natural resources, and their lives. These include the imposition of extractive projects such as logging, mining, and tourism, and the implementation of public policies that serve to erase the indigenous population as political subjects, treating them instead as if they were children. Drug trafficking has been part of this assault for the last twenty years or more, a powerful phenomenon that solidifies the privileged position of the region’s mestizo1 men while dispossessing indigenous people.
In what follows, I explain briefly how Rarámuri self-determination is being challenged and transformed by drug-trafficking groups. These observations are based on my nine years’ experience working in the region as a lawyer2 and researcher in support of Rarámuri territorial rights. I do not suggest that Rarámuri communities can be represented in a monolithic or heterogeneous way, as their experiences are diverse and not identical. But I do bring to light the criticism of academic colleagues with respect to the effects of drug trafficking on indigenous communities in Tarahumara, and offer my limited experience and knowledge as a tool to support the indigenous struggle for survivance.3
10aDrug Trafficking10aIndigenous Issues10aRarámuri10aTarahumara1 aValdivia, Fátima  uhttps://llilasbensonmagazine.org/2019/08/20/indigenous-self-determination-and-drug-trafficking-in-mexicos-tarahumara-region/02359nas a2200169   4500008004100000020002500041245015000066210006900216260001600285520171100301100002402012700002702036700002202063700001802085700002902103856005702132       2021                        eng d  a1566-0621, 1572-973700aPopulation genetics and species distribution modeling highlight conservation needs of the endemic trout from the Northern Sierra Madre Occidental0 aPopulation genetics and species distribution modeling highlight   c2021/06/23/3 aRecent climatic conditions are afecting biodiversity, particularly those species highly isolated and at their distribution limits such as trout (Oncorhynchus sp.) inhabiting the Northern Sierra Madre Occidental (NSMO) in Mexico, which is a current conservation concern due to their fragmented distribution and anthropogenic threads. Here, we compiled previously published data from 24 microsatellite loci from multiple localities of trout throughout the NSMO to construct geographic genetic structuring hypotheses. Our results confrm two genetically distinct subgroups within the NSMO corresponding to  the northern populations from Río Yaqui-Río Bavispe and Río Casas Grandes, and the southern population from Río Yaqui- Río Sirupa and Río Conchos. In addition, we found a strong genetic diferentiation between most of the locations sampled.  We assembled species distribution models (SDM) to estimate the current distribution of trout. The SDM show that suitable environmental conditions may exist between northern and southern populations but are highly fragmented. In addition, association analyzes between FST and environmental factors show that the minimum temperature of the coldest month, the precipitation of wettest month, and the compound topographic index were responsible for the genetic structure. These results along with the limited mobility of the species, support limited connectivity as a possible explanation for current north and south arrangement of diversity. This study provides deep insights into the ecology and divergence processes within Northern Sierra Madre Occidental trout, and for the urgent development of efective conservation strategies for each of those lineages.1 aAbadía-Cardoso, A.1 aHernández-Guzmán, R.1 aVarela-Romero, A.1 aGarza, J., C.1 aDe León, F., J. García  uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10592-021-01388-502486nas a2200277   4500008004100000020001400041245023500055210006900290260001600359490000700375520144000382653001901822653001001841653001201851653001001863653003201873653002201905100003301927700002601960700002701986700002202013700003902035700003102074700002702105856007602132       2021                        eng d  a1723-863300aDaily, seasonal, and annual variability of temperature in streams inhabited by the endemic San Pedro Martir trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni), in Baja California, Mexico, and the predicted temperature for the years 2025 and 20500 aDaily seasonal and annual variability of temperature in streams   c2021/05/25/0 v803 aThe present study measured the daily, seasonal, and annual variability of the water temperature of streams in which the endemic rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni, is distributed on the western slope of the Sierra San Pedro Mártir, Baja California, Mexico, between 1996 and 2019. The seasonal thermal interval and daily duration of summer temperatures above the thermal threshold for this trout subspecies (≥ 28°C) were determined in streams at different elevations (553, 1,220, and 2,080 masl, or meters above sea level). Temperatures ≥ 28°C were recorded at the study site on the stream with the lowest elevation (San Antonio de Murillos Creek) over an accumulated 365 h between June and September 2014, with the maximum temperature recorded there, 30.66 °C, making it the site most vulnerable to climate change. At the San Antonio de Murillos Creek, the average water temperature predicted by three models (GFDL R30, HadCM3, and Mote) for the year 2025 would be a non-lethal temperature, < 28 °C, for trout at a minimum elevation of 491-511 masl, while this was predicted to be 545-701 masl for the year 2050. Predicted hourly water temperatures of 28°C (non-lethal) may occur at minimum elevations of 868-898 masl in 2025 and at 908-1028 masl in 2050, reducing a 21-23% and 23-31% its current altitudinal distribution range, respectively, thus avoiding its presence at the type locality (San Antonio de Murillos).10aclimate change10acreek10aendemic10amodel10aOncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni10awater temperature1 aMeza-Matty, Iván, Alejandro1 aRuiz-Campos, Gorgonio1 aDaesslé, Luis, Walter1 aRuiz-Luna, Arturo1 aLópez-Lambraño, Álvaro, Alberto1 aCamarena-Rosales, Faustino1 aMatthews, Kathleen, R.  uhttps://www.jlimnol.it/index.php/jlimnol/article/view/jlimnol.2021.200102749nas a2200133   4500008004100000245014000041210007100181260001600252520220600268653001802474653003002492100002302522856007002545       2020                        eng d00aModelación de la distribución de truchas nativas de la Sierra Madre Occidental y su relación con la estructura del paisaje adyacente0 aModelación de la distribución de truchas nativas de la Sierra Ma  c2020/03/30/3 aEl proyecto se centra en el estudio de truchas nativas de México, que se distribuyen en la Sierra Madre Occidental. Se reconoce la existencia de la especie Oncorhynchus chrysogaster (Needham y Gard, 1964), denominada Trucha dorada mexicana (PISCES: Salmonidae), misma que está reportada como especie endémica amenazada en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 y como especie vulnerable en CITES (Conference on International Trade in Endangered Species). La situación de riesgo es aún más grave si se considera que estudios recientes indican que por la heterogeneidad genética de este complejo de peces, es posible la identificación de nuevas especies o subespecies de truchas nativas (Hendrickson et al., 2002, Hendrickson et al., 2006). Considerando lo anterior y tomando en cuenta que existen algunas iniciativas (particularmente realizadas por académicos estadounidenses y mexicanos), enfocadas al estudio sistemático y genético de este grupo de peces, se propone complementarlas con el análisis espacial del paisaje del área de distribución potencial de O. chrysogaster. Para ello se analizarán los registros históricos, los datos existentes con referencia geográfica específica y adicionalmente los datos que se generen a partir de este proyecto, para producir un modelo de distribución de esta especie en la Sierra Madre Occidental. Dado el escaso registro con que se cuenta se considera indispensable la colecta con fines de ampliar dicho registro, pero particularmente con la intención de validar en lo posible el modelo que se genere. Se aplicarán técnicas de percepción remota que permitirán identificar las características ambientales de las localidades de registro (red hidráulica, altitud, pendiente, tipos de cobertura) y que podrán ser incorporadas a un sistema de información geográfica (SIG), conjuntamente con información auxiliar (temperaturas promedio, precipitación, geología, etc.). La identificación de estas características, en conjunto con datos de la presencia/ausencia de las truchas permitirá generar mapas de susceptibilidad de las áreas de distribución de estas especies por medio de modelos del nicho ecológico, por ejemplo MAXENT y Mahalanobis.10aMexican trout10aOncorhynchus chrysogaster1 aLuna, Arturo, Ruiz  uhttps://www.gbif.org/dataset/90711430-4260-422f-aeb2-26ce7f72f56c02599nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245021700055210006900272260001200341520189700353100002502250700002102275700003602296700002202332700002702354700002202381856001402403       2020                        eng d  a1566-062100aGenotyping-by-sequencing reveals the effects of riverscape, climate and interspecific introgression on the genetic diversity and local adaptation of the endangered Mexican golden trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster)0 aGenotypingbysequencing reveals the effects of riverscape climate  c2020///3 aHow environmental and anthropogenic factors influence genetic variation and local adaptation is a central issue in evolutionary biology. The Mexican golden trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster), one of the southernmost native salmonid species in the world, is susceptible to climate change, habitat perturbations and the competition and hybridization with exotic rainbow trout (O. mykiss). The present study aimed for the first time to use genotyping-by-sequencing to explore the effect of genetic hybridization with O. mykiss and of riverscape and climatic variables on the genetic variation among O. chrysogaster populations. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was applied to generate 9767 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genotyping 272 O. chrysogaster and O. mykiss. Population genomics analyses were combined with landscape ecology approaches into a riverine context (riverscape genetics). The clustering analyses detected seven different genetic groups (six for O. chrysogater and one for aquaculture O. mykiss) and a small amount of admixture between aquaculture and native trout with only two native genetic clusters showing exotic introgression. Latitude and precipitation of the driest month had a significant negative effect on genetic diversity and evidence of isolation by river resistance was detected, suggesting that the landscape heterogeneity was preventing trout dispersal, both for native and exotic individuals. Moreover, several outlier SNPs were identified as potentially implicated in local adaptation to local hydroclimatic variables. Overall, this study suggests that O. chrysogater may require conservation planning given (i) exotic introgression from O. mykiss locally threatening O. chrysogater genetic integrity, and (ii) putative local adaptation but low genetic diversity and hence probably reduced evolutionary potential especially in a climate change context.1 aEscalante, Marco, A.1 aPerrier, Charles1 aDe León, Francisco, J. García1 aRuiz-Luna, Arturo1 aOrtega-Abboud, Enrique1 aManel, Stéphanie  u10/gg6rgj05100nas a2200205   4500008004100000245011100041210006900152260008200221300001200303520436300315100002604678700001904704700002304723700002604746700001804772700002204790700002004812700002204832856004004854       2020                        eng d00aSpecies in the spotlight: Treasures of the Sierra Madre – Mexico’s little-known native trout diversity0 aSpecies in the spotlight Treasures of the Sierra Madre Mexico s   aCambridge, UK and Albuquerque, New Mexico, USAbIUCN and ABQ BioParkc2020///  a38 - 413 aFew individuals on our planet do not know what trout andsalmon are. They are usually recognised as highly palatable,
and often colourful species, and most who know them likely
visualize cold, beautiful, pristine, free flowing, alpine or forest
streams and rivers as their typical habitats. Many will also
know of the remarkable migrations taken by some species,
moving from their birth locations in rivers to oceans and
then returning to their birthplaces to spawn and die. Some
may recognise their importance as prized targets of anglers,
particularly fly fishers, who spare no expenses to go after
these trophies. Many others who might not be so familiar
with the characteristics just mentioned may likely recognise
species of this family as the tasty, and usually relatively costly
fish found frozen or on ice in grocery stores and fish markets,
or in cans, or smoked, or served in restaurants. Their flesh,
often pink or rosy-coloured, is prized worldwide.
There is no doubt that fishes in this family (Salmonidae)
are well known in most of the developed and developing
countries of the world and that some have become extremely
economically and globally important commercial species that
support large-scale recreational as well as wild commercial
fisheries, and are massively produced by global aquaculture.
At the same time many are also imperilled to some degree.
Before this project, the Red List database contained
140 species of Salmonids. Here we’ll focus on the genus
Oncorhynchus, commonly known as the Pacific salmons and
trout, which prior to this project was represented in the Red
List by six species. Then, setting aside the many “salmon”
of this genus, we’ll focus only on trout, specifically those of
a large and diverse lineage, best known for one species,
the famous rainbow trout (O. mykiss). Originally known only
from California and other Pacific drainages of the U.S.,
rainbow trout have long been a prized target of anglers,
and the species has been bred in captivity for at least 150
years. High demand for it for both sport fisheries, as well as
wild and captive protein production, resulted in it now being
established on every continent. It has become not only one of
the world’s most important recreational fishing species, but
also one of the planet’s most widely cultured vertebrates. It
is effectively global agriculture’s “fish version” of the chicken,
with global aquaculture production of the species in 2014
reaching 812,940 metric tonnes valued at nearly 4 billion US$
(U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) n.d.)
That rainbow trout of global fishery and aquaculture fame is
known to be one of about 10 closely related subspecies of
what is called the “coastal rainbow” branch of the evolutionary
tree of the genus. Most of those are from California, but two
native Mexican taxa have long been recognised as part of
this lineage, O. m. nelsoni (Nelson’s trout – recently reviewed
by (Ruiz Campos, 2017)) of the northernmost mountains of
Baja California, and O. chrysogaster (the Mexican golden
trout – recently covered by multiple contributors (Ruiz-Luna
& Garcia De León, 2016). Recent genetic studies (AbadíaCardoso et al., 2015) confirm those relationships and reveal,
from specimens collected by the bi-national group of
researchers known as Truchas Mexicanas (Hendrickson et
al., 2003), that Mexico’s share of the diversity in this lineage
is much greater. At least 10 more, still undescribed species
of native trout reside in remote, rugged and isolated corners
of the Sierra Madre Occidental extending as far south as
the high mountains between Mazatlán and Ciudad Durango.
Truchas Mexicanas’ fieldwork left no doubt that most share
a need for conservation actions to help their often small
and fragmented populations persist, and some are critically
imperilled (Camarena-Rosales et al., 2006; Hendrickson et
al., 2007; Hendrickson & Tomelleri 2019). While their formal
descriptions have been delayed for various reasons, recent
genetic validation of their distinctiveness, and clear need
for recognition of the need for conservation actions on
their behalf, led those studying them to petition the IUCN to
add them to the Red List while their descriptions are being
finalized. That petition was accepted and their assessments
were completed as part of this project.
1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aLyons, Timothy1 aMáiz-Tomé, Laura1 aTognelli, Marcelo, F.1 aDaniels, Adam1 aMeredith, Clayton1 aBullock, Robert1 aHarrison, Ian, J.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.26153/tsw/875506793nam a2200397   4500008004100000245006300041210005900104260008200163300000700245520544700252100003405699700002605733700002005759700002705779700001905806700003305825700003205858700003005890700003205920700002405952700003305976700002506009700003206034700003506066700003906101700002306140700003406163710001906197710002306216710002606239710001806265710002206283710002006305710002206325856004806347       2020                        eng d00aThe status and distribution of freshwater fishes in Mexico0 astatus and distribution of freshwater fishes in Mexico  aCambridge, UK and Albuquerque, New Mexico, USAbIUCN and ABQ BioParkc2020///  a813 aThe inland waters of Mexico support a highly diverse groupof freshwater fishes with high levels of endemism that occur
across a broad range of aquatic habitat types. These aquatic
ecosystems provide many direct (e.g., fisheries) and indirect
(e.g., agricultural irrigation) benefits to people, and support
local livelihoods and economies across Mexico. Freshwater
ecosystems are undervalued and receive insufficient funding,
political attention and protection. Developing interests
and funding for freshwater species conservation is crucial
for “bending the curve” to reduce and ultimately reverse
freshwater biodiversity declines. Historical disregard for the
health and sustainable use of freshwater ecosystems has
resulted in alarming rates of loss in the quality and availability
of aquatic habitat. This report presents the most recent
information on the conservation status and distribution of
freshwater fishes in Mexico, and examines the stressors that
are driving their declining conservation status. Important
conservation actions and considerations are also presented.
Five hundred and thirty-six species of freshwater fishes
were assessed against the IUCN Red List Categories and
Criteria, representing the most comprehensive assessment
of freshwater biodiversity in Mexico to date. This assessment
seeks to address the insufficient information available on
freshwater fish conservation status, which has resulted in
their inadequate representation in environmental planning
and management. The full data set, including all species
distribution maps, is freely available through the IUCN Red
List website (www.iucnredlist.org).
Forty percent of all extant species assessed are threatened
with extinction, assuming all Data Deficient species are
threatened in the same proportion as those for which
enough information was available. The most pervasive
threats are related to habitat loss and degradation, which is
driven primarily by unsustainable water use and widespread
agricultural activity. Excessive extraction of groundwater and
diversion of surface water for human consumption, industrial
processes, and plantation agriculture has led to widespread
flow reductions, reduced water tables, and subsequent drying
of aquatic habitat, which is especially prevalent in the arid,
endorheic spring systems of northern and central Mexico.
Mexico’s vast hydroelectric infrastructure has altered the
historical flow regime of many major rivers, blocking natural
migration routes and fragmenting subpopulations of native
fishes. Agricultural runoff, inadequate wastewater treatment,
and industrial discharges have also resulted in increased
levels of pollution. A number of non-native fish species
have been introduced both intentionally and unintentionally
throughout many of Mexico’s natural and artificial surface
waters, with profound impacts on native species distribution
and abundance.
Given the high connectivity of riverine surface waters
and underlying aquifers, the impacts of these threats
spread rapidly throughout freshwater ecosystems. Future
conservation efforts must place greater emphasis on
upstream, downstream, and lateral connectivity within water
catchments. Systematic conservation planning approaches
should be implemented to develop an integrated conservation
action plan for freshwater fishes in Mexico, including
broad stakeholder participation, environmental monitoring
schemes, and the development of protected areas designed
to maintain high levels of aquatic connectivity.
Another priority is to direct additional research effort towards
the high proportion of species assessed as Data Deficient due
to insufficient information on their conservation status and
distributions. This lack of information presents a significant
bottleneck to the effective management and conservation of
Mexico’s freshwater habitats and ichthyofauna.
From a policy perspective, the information presented in this
report will help support the implementation of multilateral
environmental agreements in Mexico, guide conservation
planning and priority setting at the national and international
level, and provide a baseline of conservation success in
subsequent assessments of extinction risk. In addition, this
new information will help efforts to achieve the targets of the
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as: Target
6.6 for protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems;
Target 6.5 on implementing integrated water resources
management at all levels; Target 15.1 for conservation,
restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland
freshwater ecosystems and their services; and Target 15.5
focused on urgent and significant action to reduce the
degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity
and, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species.
The IUCN Red List is one of the most authoritative global
standards supporting policy and action to conserve
biodiversity. The analysis presented in this report, based
on an assessment of species Red List status, will provide
new information to help guide conservation actions and development planning to safeguard the diversity of freshwater
ichthyofauna in Mexico. Periodic update of IUCN Red List
species assessments will enable calculation of a Red List
Index of change in freshwater species extinction risk over
time, which will inform managers on the conservation
effectiveness of any management interventions.
1 aContreras-MacBeath, Topiltzin1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aArroyave, Jairo1 aSilva, Norman, Mercado1 aKöck, Michael1 aDomínguez, Omar, Domínguez1 aGonzález, Arcadio, Valdés1 aPérez, Héctor, Espinosa1 aBalandra, María, Antonieta1 aMatamoros, Wilfredo1 aSchmitter-Soto, Juan, Jacobo1 aSoto-Galera, Eduardo1 aGonzález, Juan, Manuel Riv1 aVega-Cendejas, María, Eugenia1 aOrnelas-García, Claudia, Patricia1 aNorris, Steven, M.1 aGuerrero, Héctor, Omar Mejí1 aLyons, Timothy1 aMáiz-Tomé, Laura1 aTognelli, Marcelo, F.1 aDaniels, Adam1 aMeredith, Clayton1 aBullock, Robert1 aHarrison, Ian, J.  uhttps://portals.iucn.org/library/node/4903902887nas a2200193   4500008004100000020002500041245014600066210006900212260001600281520213700297100003602434700002302470700003202493700002102525700003102546700003602577700002402613856005602637       2020                        eng d  a0378-1909, 1573-513300aFirst steps towards the identification of evolutionarily significant units in Mexican native trout: An assessment of microsatellite variation0 aFirst steps towards the identification of evolutionarily signifi  c2020/05/15/3 aIn the remote high-elevation streams and rivers in the northwest of Mexico, there is an endemic and highly diverse group of native trout related to the rainbow trout lineage (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Currently, only two species have been formally described from this trout complex, the Mexican golden trout, O. chrysogaster, and the San Pedro Mártir rainbow trout, O. m. nelsoni, but only the former occurs in the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO). South and north of the O. chrysogaster range, there are other undescribed trout that have been recently discovered. Given the various human impacts on aquatic systems occupied by these Mexican native trout, the lack of taxonomic descriptions and the imminent risk of losing populations without their even being documented, we sought to infer a hierarchical population structure of the Mexican native trout, determine the geographic patterns of genetic diversity and gene flow among them, and identify evolutionarily significant units for a prompt conservation strategy. The allelic diversity across eleven microsatellite loci was used to assess genetic divergences of wild trout collected throughout its range in Mexico. Our results reject the old hypothesis that many of the trout in Mexico are introduced or translocated hatcheryreared rainbow trout and strongly support the new hypothesis of distinct genetic populations and lineages in the northwest of Mexico. According to the different statistical analysis of the genetic data, we distinguish between species and subspecies (O. chrysogaster, O. mykiss, and O. m. nelsoni) of the other regional lineages of undescribed trout (northern and southern) inhabiting the SMO. We also found a strong genetic substructure within these large clusters. We propose the presence of seven Evolutionarily Significant Units in the drainage basins of the SMO (two occur in the northern region, four in the southern, and one for the area of distribution of O. chrysogaster) and one in northwestern Baja California. Based in microsatellite data a minimum gene flow among populations is evidenced, resulting the presence the highly divergent populations.1 aDe León, Francisco, J. García1 aDillman, Casey, B.1 aCamarillo, Anna, Belia De L1 aGeorge, Anna, L.1 aCamarena-Rosales, Faustino1 aBarriga-Sosa, Irene, De Los Ang1 aMayden, Richard, L.  uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10641-020-00979-402557nas a2200337   4500008004100000020001400041245008500055210006900140260001600209490000800225520152900233100002601762700002001788700001901808700002101827700002201848700002001870700002201890700002901912700002201941700002101963700001901984700002002003700002402023700001702047700001902064700002002083700003102103700002302134856006202157       2020                        eng d  a1600-063300aA call for global action to conserve native trout in the 21st century and beyond0 acall for global action to conserve native trout in the 21st cent  c2020/02/21/0 vn/a3 aTrout and char (hereafter, trout) represent some of the more culturally, economically and ecologically important taxa of freshwater fishes worldwide (Kershner, Williams, Gresswell, & Lobón‐Cerviá, 2019a). Native to all continents in the Northern Hemisphere (as well as western Mediterranean Africa), trout belong to seven genera (Oncorhynchus, Salvelinus, Salmo, Hucho, Parahucho, Brachymystax and Salvethymus), which are distributed across more than 60 countries (Muhlfeld et al., 2019). Despite their broad importance as indicators of biodiversity in cold‐water ecosystems (Haak & Williams, 2013), as well as cultural icons for food and recreation, nearly half of the world's recognised trout species (IUCN, 2018) are imperilled or at risk of global extinction (Muhlfeld et al., 2018, 2019). The root causes of their vulnerability include broad‐scale alteration of landscapes and watersheds, dams, overharvest, pollution, interactions with hatchery‐bred conspecifics and non‐native species. However, emerging threats such as climate change and related problems such as the spread of diseases and parasites pose significant challenges and uncertainties to native trout and their habitats (Kovach et al., 2016; Muhlfeld et al., 2018). Ultimately, conservation of native trout depends on understanding their diversity, a willingness to address threats at their root causes and implementing progressive conservation solutions that promote persistence of these iconic species in the face of growing human pressures.1 aDauwalter, Daniel, C.1 aDuchi, Antonino1 aEpifanio, John1 aGandolfi, Andrea1 aGresswell, Robert1 aJuanes, Francis1 aKershner, Jeffrey1 aLobón‐Cerviá, Javier1 aMcGinnity, Philip1 aMeraner, Andreas1 aMikheev, Pavel1 aMorita, Kentaro1 aMuhlfeld, Clint, C.1 aPinter, Kurt1 aPost, John, R.1 aUnfer, Günther1 aVøllestad, Leif, Asbjørn1 aWilliams, Jack, E.  uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eff.1253802199nas a2200265   4500008004100000020001400041245016000055210006900215260001400284300000800298490000600306520130300312653000901615653002501624653002501649653002101674653001501695653002101710100002201731700003401753700003401787700003301821700003601854856004301890       2023                        eng d  a2410-388800aAssembly, Characterization, and Phylogenetic Relationships of Mitogenomes of Two Species of Mexican Trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster and O. mykiss nelsoni)0 aAssembly Characterization and Phylogenetic Relationships of Mito  c2023/04//  a1780 v83 aIn this study, the complete mitochondrial genomes of the Mexican golden trout, Oncorhynchus chrysogaster, and Nelson’s trout, O. mykiss nelson, were assembled and characterized. The mitogenomes were 16,655 bp and 16,661 bp long, respectively, and were composed of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes (all with typical ‘cloverleaf’ secondary structures). The length of the D-loop regions was among the longest found in Salmonids, and mitochondrial synteny in both species was identical to that reported in other Salmonids. Selective pressure analysis in the PCGs indicated that purifying selection, mainly among cox and nd genes families, likely generated the main differences between the two studied species. Nine tRNA genes showed slight differences relative to other O. mykiss subspecies, which were identical between the two study taxa. The origin of the light-strand replication has a loop that was especially large in O. mykiss nelsoni. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that O. chrysogaster and O. mykiss nelsoni are sister species, contrary to the expectation that O. chrysogaster would cluster with O. gilae. As previous studies have suggested, O. chrysogaster and O. mykiss nelsoni share common ancestry with North American trout species.10afish10aMexican golden trout10amitochondrial genome10aNelson’s trout10aSalmonidae10ataxonomic status1 aColín, Angélica1 aDel Río-Portilla, Miguel, A.1 aDe la Cruz, Fabiola, Lafarga-1 aDe la Mora, Genoveva, Ingle-1 aDe León, Francisco, J. García  uhttps://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/17804429nas a2200133   4500008004100000245004900041210004500090260000800135490000900143520403100152100002604183700002604209856006004235       2019                        eng d00aOncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Sinaloa Golden Trout'0 aOncorhynchus sp nov Sinaloa Golden Trout  cdec0 v20193 aTAXONOMIC NOTES The Sinaloa trout is phenotypically and meristically distinct from Oncorhynchus chrysogaster specimens in the rios Fuerte and Culiacán, and is therefore treated separately from those taxa. JUSTIFICATION This species is restricted to headwater tributaries in the Río Sinaloa basin between 2,600-2,800 m asl, exhibits a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), and occurs at less than 10 locations. Total population size is unknown but suspected to be relatively small. Population trend is unknown. Subpopulations are inferred to be severely fragmented, given specific habitat requirements for cold, clear water, and an inability to disperse across mainstem river thermal barriers. Localized threats include siltation due to livestock overgrazing, deforestation, and introgression with hatchery raised rainbow trout, which has resulted in a continued decline in the area, extent, and quality of available habitat, and a projected continued decline in EOO and AOO. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN) under criterion B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii). GEOGRAPHIC RANGE INFORMATION This species is restricted to headwater tributaries in the Río Sinaloa basin between 2600-2800 masl. Arroyos El Soldado, Casa Quemada, and El Potrero appear to have the most broadly distributed populations. Extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated to be 368 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 18 km². This species is known from nine localities and major threats are expected to impact each locality separately. Therefore, the number of locations where this species occurs is nine. Both EOO and AOO are projected to undergo continuing decline if threats are not mitigated. Edward William Nelson saw trout in streams on the slopes of Mt. Mohinora in 1898, and we suspect that he was in the Sinaloa drainage at the time. POPULATION INFORMATION Information on population size and trends is limited, as most of these streams have been collected once in the last 50 years. This species is localized to tiny headwater streams, and therefore population size is suspected to be less than 1,000. Observation of degraded habitat and the difficulty of finding viable populations suggests that this species was more widespread in historical times. It is suspected that more intensive collecting would produce more sites at lower altitudes for Sinaloa Trout. Subpopulations are considered severely fragmented, given habitat requirements and the presence of thermal barriers in mainstem rivers that prevent dispersal. HABITAT AND ECOLOGY INFORMATION This species requires cold, clear water in headwater streams, with gravel for spawning. The specific habitat uses, basic life history, and basic ecology of this species are uncertain and require additional research. THREATS INFORMATION Overgrazing by livestock has caused siltation in Sinaloa tributaries and remains an ongoing problem. The watershed is logged, but does not appear to be heavily so. One locality (Arroyo Rancho en Medio) contained hybrids between Sinaloa Trout and hatchery Rainbow Trout. The hybrids were localized near a grow-out facility that contained hatchery trout. A waterfall prevented the movement of rainbow trout upstream, but no such barriers exist to downstream dispersion. Future genetic introgression with Rainbow Trout is expected, given government initiatives that promote the development of hatcheries within the region. USE AND TRADE INFORMATION There is no trade in the taxon. CONSERVATION ACTIONS INFORMATION There are currently no species-specific conservation measures in place. Education of the local population to prevent livestock from degrading riparian areas, and encouraging the production of native trout in grow-out facilities to eliminate hybridization with rainbow trout are priority conservation actions. More research regarding distribution, population size, population trend, and the impacts of localized threats would be useful in guiding future conservation action.1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aTomelleri, Joseph, R.  uhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/species/142674143/14564161603838nas a2200133   4500008004100000245005100041210004700092260000800139490000900147520343600156100002603592700002603618856006003644       2019                        eng d00aOncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Southern Conchos Trout'0 aOncorhynchus sp nov Southern Conchos Trout  cdec0 v20193 aTAXONOMIC NOTES Undescribed species. Affinity appears to be with Mexican golden trout in the adjacent Fuerte basin, but genetic work shows this trout to be unique. Nathaniel Thomas Lupton collected two specimens of trout from this region in 1884 (Cope, 1886), but the location of the specimens and the collection locality remain a mystery. JUSTIFICATION This species is known only from about 2 km of the Arroyo del Molino and a tiny headwater tributary in the Río Porvenir sub-basin of the southern Río Conchos watershed. While there are currently no major threats affecting this species or its known habitat, total population size is unlikely to exceed 250 individuals. Therefore, it is assessed as Endangered (EN) under criterion D. More rigorous sampling in adjacent areas is needed to determine if additional populations exist. GEOGRAPHIC RANGE INFORMATION This species is currently known only from about 2 km of the Arroyo del Molino and a tiny headwater tributary in the Río Porvenir sub-basin of the southern Río Conchos watershed, which occurs at an elevation between 2,300-2,350 m asl. Therefore, extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both estimated at 2 km². Localized threats are expected to affect the entire known range of this species. Area of Occupancy and EOO are currently stable, given the single location is highly isolated and free of major threats. POPULATION INFORMATION Total population size is unknown. However, given a highly restricted range, habitat specificity for cold headwater streams, and preliminary population surveys in 2007, population size is inferred to be between 100-250, and unlikely to exceed 1,000. Population trend is suspected to be stable, given the lack of major pervasive threats, and no evidence of habitat decline. The current known population is not considered to be severely fragmented. However, if additional subpopulations exist, genetic exchange between subpopulations is likely severely restricted given an inability to disperse through thermal barriers in river mainstems. HABITAT AND ECOLOGY INFORMATION This species is restricted to one headwater stream of the Río Porvenir sub-basin in the Conchos watershed. Cold and clear water is required. Nothing is known of the behavior, life cycle, or growth patterns of this species. THREATS INFORMATION There appear to be no immediate threats to the existing population, as it is remote and not easily accessible. Limitations to range expansion include overgrazing by livestock and the effects of logging and road building in this sub-basin. Future genetic introgression with rainbow trout is expected, given government initiatives that promote the development of hatcheries within the region. USE AND TRADE INFORMATION There is no known trade in this taxon. CONSERVATION ACTIONS INFORMATION There are no species-specific conservation actions in place. Recommended conservation actions include education of the local peoples regarding conservation status and efforts to keep livestock out of the lower reaches of the arroyo. There appears to be minimal impact in the species' actual habitat. More rigorous sampling to identify additional subpopulations of the species is recommended, given the area is remote and difficult to survey. Additionally, more detailed information regarding population size, population trend, and life history and ecology would be useful in guiding future conservation action.1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aTomelleri, Joseph, R.  uhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/species/145640871/14564165104853nas a2200121   4500008004100000245003000041210003000071490000900101520450900110100002604619700002604645856006004671       2019                        eng d00aOncorhynchus chrysogaster0 aOncorhynchus chrysogaster0 v20193 aTAXONOMIC NOTES The taxon Oncorhynchus chrysogaster currently includes the drainages of the ríos Fuerte, Sinaloa, and Culiacán. Here we treat only the Río Fuerte subpopulations as O. chrysogaster. Sinaloa and Culiacán subpopulations are different phenotypically from each other and from those subpopulations in the Fuerte watershed. JUSTIFICATION This species is known from a number of localities within the Urique, Loera, and Verde sub-basins in Chihuahua, Mexico. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 3,289 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 44 km². Anecdotal evidence suggests population decline and possible extirpation in some areas where this species. However, it is still considered common in the Río Verde and Loera sub-basins. Primary threats include deforestation, livestock overgrazing, hybridization with Rainbow Trout, and localized fishing pressure. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) because it meets the threshold for a threatened category under B1 and B2 and there is evidence of continuing decline in the area, extent, and quality of available habitat, but it occurs in more than 10 locations, the population is not severely fragmented, and currently there is no evidence of major range-wide population decline. GEOGRAPHIC RANGE INFORMATION This species is known from 22 localities and more than 10 locations in the sub-basins Urique, Loera, and Verde in Chihuahua, Mexico. It is found in headwater streams of all three sub-basins and in the mainstem of the Río Verde above about 1,900 m. The Río Verde and its tributaries have the largest populations of this trout. Arroyo las Truchas in the Loera basin also has a strong population. Extent of occurrence (EOO) for the species is estimated to be 3,289 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 44 km². The population is not considered to be severely fragmented. POPULATION INFORMATION Total population size is unknown for this species. Range-wide population trend is unknown, but it is suspected to be declining at a rate that precludes this species from being assessed in a threatened category under criterion A. Mexican Golden Trout are rare and possibly have been eliminated from the upper Urique basin. Trout in the Los Loera system are common in the Arroyo las Truchas, but other streams in that area have not been surveyed. The Río Verde sub-basin populations appear to be stable. Trout are rare in Arroyo San Vincente, and appear different phenotypically from the rest of the basin. The Río Verde and its tributaries have the largest populations of this trout. Arroyo las Truchas in the Loera basin also has a strong population. HABITAT AND ECOLOGY INFORMATION Mexican Golden Trout prefers cold, clear streams above 1,900 m altitude. Their preference appears to be for deeper water beneath boulders and undercuts. Spawning individuals have been taken in mid-February. The specific habitat uses, basic life history, and basic ecology of this species are uncertain and require additional research. THREATS INFORMATION There are multiple threats to the Mexican Golden Trout. Habitat degradation from the effects of overgrazing and logging is principal. These activities cause siltation and warming of the stream waters, and increase flash flooding which can disturb spawning regimens. The Río Verde populations are easily accessed from the highway and are subject to exploitation by anglers. Grow-out facilities in the Fuerte basin are common and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) escape from these operations is likely to lead to introgression. To date we have not collected any Mexican Golden Trout that we suspected were hybridized with Rainbow Trout. Future genetic introgression with Rainbow Trout is expected, given government initiatives that promote the development of hatcheries within the region. USE AND TRADE INFORMATION This species is not traded. It is occasionally targeted in subsistence and sport fisheries. However, the magnitude of harvest is unknown. CONSERVATION ACTIONS INFORMATION Currently there are no species-specific conservation measures directed towards Mexican Golden Trout. Recommended conservation actions include implementation of harvest limits in the Rio Verde, and education and encouragement of of cattle ranchers to reduce accessibility to riparian vegetation. More information regarding population size, population trend, and the impacts of major threats would be useful in guiding future conservation action.1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aTomelleri, Joseph, R.  uhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/species/142674122/14564161103132nas a2200133   4500008004100000245004400041210004000085260000800125490000900133520274400142100002602886700002602912856006002938       2019                        eng d00aOncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Acaponeta Trout'0 aOncorhynchus sp nov Acaponeta Trout  cdec0 v20193 aTAXONOMIC NOTES There is evidence that most populations of native Acaponeta trout are likely to be introgressed with Rainbow Trout. JUSTIFICATION This species is known only from the headwaters of four streams (arroyos los Metates, Cebollas, Tanquecitos, and Las Moras) at high elevation in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Durango, Mexico. Severe population fragmentation is likely, given the most widespread and major threat to this species is genetic introgression with Rainbow Trout. Its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both highly restricted and this species is not thought to occur in more than four locations. Decline in the number of mature individuals, as well as continued decline in EOO and AOO are inferred. As such, this species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) under criterion B2ab(i,ii,iii,v). GEOGRAPHIC RANGE INFORMATION This species is known only from the headwaters of four streams (arroyos los Metates, Cebollas, Tanquecitos, and Las Moras) at high elevation in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Durango, Mexico. Area of occupancy (AOO) for the species is estimated at 8 km² and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 187 km², based on available georeferenced point records. Both EOO and AOO are inferred to be in decline due to introgression with Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This species occurs at four locations, given that the spread of Rainbow Trout is likely to affect each stream separately. POPULATION INFORMATION There is no information regarding trends of the populations. This species was common at Tanquecitos and las Cebollas. Given its highly restricted range, total population size is suspected to be small. HABITAT AND ECOLOGY INFORMATION This species occurs only in headwater streams in the Río Acaponeta watershed. Elevation of habitat ranges from 2,300-2,800 m asl. The specific habitat uses, basic life history, and basic ecology of this species are uncertain and require additional research. THREATS INFORMATION The unique phenotype of the Acaponeta trout shows the population to have a native component that is in danger of introgression with Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Future genetic introgression with Rainbow Trout is expected, given government initiatives that promote the development of hatcheries within the region. USE AND TRADE INFORMATION This species is not utilized. CONSERVATION ACTIONS INFORMATION There are no conservation actions currently in place. Education of the populace about the native trout regarding the potential impact of introgression may be an effective course of action. Additionally, more research regarding distribution, population size, and population trend would be useful in guiding future conservation action.1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aTomelleri, Joseph, R.  uhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/species/142674476/14564164603758nas a2200133   4500008004100000245005100041210004700092260000800139490000900147520335600156100002603512700002603538856006003564       2019                        eng d00aOncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Culiacán Golden Trout'0 aOncorhynchus sp nov Culiacán Golden Trout  cdec0 v20193 aTAXONOMIC NOTES The Culiacán Trout is phenotypically and meristically distinct from Oncorhynchus chrysogaster in the rios Fuerte and Sinaloa. JUSTIFICATION The Culiacán trout is restricted to headwater streams in the Río Culiacán basin, Chihuahua and Durango, Mexico and occurs in no more than six locations. This species can be locally common, however, collection localities are few and far between. Localized threats include logging and livestock grazing, both of which have resulted in a continued decline in the extent, area, and quality of available habitat. Subpopulations are fragmented and cannot intermix due to thermal barriers in main river channels. Total population size has been severely diminished in the last 40 years and continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred, but exact estimates of decline are unknown. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both highly restricted. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN) under criterion B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v). GEOGRAPHIC RANGE INFORMATION This species is restricted to headwater tributaries in the Río Culiacán basin. It is most common in arroyos Agua Blanca, El Desecho, and El Río. Extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated to be 207 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 14 km², based on current collection records. Continued decline of both EOO and AOO is inferred, based on a reduction in the quality, area, and extent of suitable habitat. This species occurs in fewer than 10 subpopulations and is restricted to no more than six locations. Habitat is restricted to elevations between 2,300-2,800 m asl. POPULATION INFORMATION There is no information available about population trends as no collection sites have been revisited in recent years. This species can be locally common, however, collection localities are few and far between. Total population size is suspected to be less than 1000 with approximately 200 individuals in the largest subpopulation.. Thermal barriers in the mainstem rivers prevent movement of the trout between headwater streams, and therefore subpopulations are considered severely fragmented. HABITAT AND ECOLOGY INFORMATION Virtually nothing is known of the biology of this species. They inhabit clear, cold headwater streams, particularly between 2,300-2,800 m asl. THREATS INFORMATION Localized threats include deforestation of the watershed through logging/road building and grazing of livestock in the riparian. These threats have resulted in an observed reduction in the area, extent, and quality of suitable habitat. Logging and grazing increase silt loads in the stream and decrease clarity of the water and have the potential to smother spawning gravels. Future genetic introgression with rainbow trout is expected, given government initiatives that promote the development of hatcheries within the region. USE AND TRADE INFORMATION This species is not utilized. CONSERVATION ACTIONS INFORMATION There are currently no known conservation actions in place. Education of the local people about the native trout is likely to be the most effective from of mitigation. Additionally, more research regarding distribution, total population size, population trend, and the magnitude of threats would be useful in guiding future conservation action.1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aTomelleri, Joseph, R.  uhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/species/142674166/14564162103734nas a2200133   4500008004100000245003900041210003500080260000800115490000900123520335600132100002603488700002603514856006003540       2019                        eng d00aOncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Mayo Trout'0 aOncorhynchus sp nov Mayo Trout  cdec0 v20193 aTAXONOMIC NOTES The Mayo trout is most closely related to the Yaqui trout. JUSTIFICATION The Mayo Trout is restricted to four streams (13 collection localities) and is abundant only in one location. This location is a headwater stream that is threatened by mining interests. Additional threats include subsistence harvest, human encroachment, and subsequent declines in water quality and habitat availability. Subpopulations are fragmented and cannot intermix. Total population size has been severely diminished in the last 40 years and continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred, but exact estimates of decline are unknown. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both highly restricted. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN) under criterion B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v). GEOGRAPHIC RANGE INFORMATION This species is restricted to small streams above Basaseachi falls, and to a few headwater streams (above 2,000 m) that intersect the Río Mayo below the falls. One individual was collected below Basaseachi in 2008 (L. Findley Pers. Comm. 2008). Arroyo El Concheño appears to have the strongest population. Extent of occurrence (EOO) for the species is estimated to be 240 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 26 km²; both are inferred to be declining due to adjacent mining activity, human encroachment, subsistence harvest, and reductions in habitat quality. This species is reported from 13 collection localities. However, threats are acting at the stream scale and the number of locations is unlikely to exceed four. POPULATION INFORMATION The Mayo Trout is rare throughout its range. Cursory surveys show it to be common only in Arroyo El Concheño. The species is decreasing in abundance above Basaseachi falls because of developments and encroachment of civilization. Severe fragmentation is inferred based on habitat type and dispersal ability. HABITAT AND ECOLOGY INFORMATION The Mayo Trout needs cold, clear water. Virtually nothing is known of the spawning habits or behavior of this species. THREATS INFORMATION Mining is a threat to the Mayo Trout in Arroyo El Concheño. Effluent from new mining efforts have killed much of the aquatic life immediately downstream of a mine on El Concheño. There are still trout immediately above a waterfall that is adjacent to the mine. Mayo trout are uncommon above Basaseachi falls, are absent from the mainstem of the river, and are decreasing in the headwaters due to encroaching civilization and developments along the streams. Water quality and catch from local anglers are affecting the populations. Future genetic introgression with rainbow trout is expected, given government initiatives that promote the development of hatcheries within the region. USE AND TRADE INFORMATION This species may occasionally be taken in subsistence fisheries. CONSERVATION ACTIONS INFORMATION There are currently no conservation actions in place. It is imperative that mining not be expanded on Arroyo El Concheño. Education of the local populace may be of help in preserving the small populations above Basaseachi. Additionally, more research regarding distribution, population size, population trend, life history and ecology, and the magnitude of threatening factors will be useful in guiding future conservation action.1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aTomelleri, Joseph, R.  uhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/species/142674103/14564160604903nas a2200133   4500008004100000245005100041210004700092260000800139490000900147520450100156100002604657700002604683856006004709       2019                        eng d00aOncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Northern Conchos Trout'0 aOncorhynchus sp nov Northern Conchos Trout  cdec0 v20193 aTAXONOMIC NOTES Undescribed species. Affinity appears to be with Yaqui trout in the adjacent basin, but genetic work shows this trout to be unique. JUSTIFICATION Extensive surveys show the trout to occupy only one section of a tiny headwater stream in the Hojasichi sub-basin of the Río Conchos. Habitat is evidently restricted to 1 km of stream and the population has not expanded its range in the past 14 years, despite some protections. the total population size is unlikely to exceed 250 individuals. Threats include fishing pressures, livestock overgrazing, and inbreeding. Given its highly restricted extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, an observed decline in the area, extent, and quality of available habitat in the recent past, and expected future declines, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) under criterion B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). GEOGRAPHIC RANGE INFORMATION This species is currently known from about 1 km of stream in the Hojasichi sub-basin of the Río Conchos. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) does not exceed 2.33 km² (although for the purpose of the Red List assessment, this measurement is raised to 4 km² to ensure the EOO is not smaller than the area of occupancy). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km² (but the actual area occupied by the species does not exceed 2 km²). It occurs in one location. John Woodhouse Audubon (1906) mentioned trout in the Conchos basin seen during his 1849 overland trip through Chihuahua. POPULATION INFORMATION Pennington (1963) described a fish which could only be referred to trout, while studying the culture of the Rarámuri near Sisoguichi. Anecdotal reports of "aparique" (trout) are frequently reported by the indigenous Rarámuri, but they typically mention that they haven't seen the fish for 10 or 20 years. Flechsig noted that residents of Panalachi told him of existence of a trout but were unable to produce the fish because of severe drought in the early 1950s (A. Flechsig Pers. Comm. 2004). We found native trout in 2005 near Panalachi, but subsequent trips to that site over the next 11 years failed to produce any trout. A tiny population was found in a remote stream to the north of Panalachi in 2006. That population is restricted to about 1 km of stream in a remote area, but appears not to be expanding it's range, and is the only known population of this species despite repeated efforts to find more. Total population size is unlikely to exceed 250 mature individuals. HABITAT AND ECOLOGY INFORMATION This species is currently thought to be restricted to a single headwater stream in the northern Río Conchos, excluding the Río Balleza sub-basin. Historical reports suggest it was more widespread in the upper Conchos proper. The single location where this species occurs is between an elevation of 2350-2400 masl. Basic life history and basic ecology are uncertain and require additional research. THREATS INFORMATION Historical declines are the result of overfishing, particularly anglers that take the fish by poisoning the waters, either with clorox, lime, or poisonous roots. Overgrazing by livestock has degraded stream banks and helped to eliminate the fish from most of its former range. Currently, these are not considered major threats to this population because access to the public and livestock is restricted. However, a recent trip showing some fish with a severe overbite suggests that the population has become inbred. Use of detergents in the streams by native peoples washing clothes may also have contributed to the reduction in range of this species. Future genetic introgression with rainbow trout is expected, given government initiatives that promote the development of hatcheries within the region. USE AND TRADE INFORMATION Historically, this species was targeted by subsistence fisheries through the use of clorox, lime, and other indiscriminate fishing methods. Currently, there is no known trade in this taxon. CONSERVATION ACTIONS INFORMATION Currently the species is known to subsist only in one stream, a northerly flowing tributary to the Río Hojasichi. Sections of this stream are crudely fenced with barbed wire to keep livestock out of the riparian, and there is currently a "streamkeeper" (hired by the WWF) that lives on the stream to control public access. Continued site protection is imperative to the survival of this species. Future conservation should seek to employ habitat restoration, species recovery, and education and awareness initiatives.1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aTomelleri, Joseph, R.  uhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/species/145640871/14564165103341nas a2200133   4500008004100000245004200041210003800083260000800121490000900129520295700138100002603095700002603121856006003147       2019                        eng d00aOncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Piaxtla Trout'0 aOncorhynchus sp nov Piaxtla Trout  cdec0 v20193 aTAXONOMIC NOTES The Piaxtla Trout is the closest relative to the San Lorenzo trout, but is phenotypically distinct and Escalante et al. (2015) report genetic differences. JUSTIFICATION This species is restricted to few headwater streams of the Río Piaxtla drainage between 2,100-2,700 m asl in Durango, Mexico. While its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are both restricted, this species appears to be abundant where it occurs and population status is suspected to be stable. There are no known major pervasive threats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened because it meets the threshold for a threatened category under criteria B1 and B2, subpopulations are likely severely restricted, but there is no indication of major population or habitat decline. GEOGRAPHIC RANGE INFORMATION This species is found in a few headwater streams of the Río Piaxtla drainage between 2,100-2,700 m asl. The largest populations appear to be in Arroyo El Granizo, Arroyo Santa Barbara, and Arroyo de la Plazuela. Extent of Occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated to be 334 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) is unlikely to exceed 10 km. Threats are expected to act independently on stream headwaters, therefore the number is locations is expected to be fewer than 10. Distribution is not considered to be very restricted, given a lack of major plausible threats with the capacity to drive this species towards extinction within a short period of time. There is one instance of intra-basin transfer of Piaxtla Trout to a fishless stream. However, the status of that introduction is unknown. POPULATION INFORMATION This species appears to be locally abundant at the few collection localities where it occurs. Current population trend is suspected to be stable. However, populations are inferred to be severely restricted, given they do not occur in main river reaches and likely encounter thermal barriers that limit the dispersal of individuals between headwater reaches. HABITAT AND ECOLOGY INFORMATION The Piaxtla Trout occupies cold and clear headwater streams. Virtually nothing is known of its reproductive or behavioural traits. THREATS INFORMATION Currently, there are no known major pervasive threats to this species. There are no known grow-out facilities for rainbow trout in the Piaxtla basin. However, future genetic introgression with Rainbow Trout is expected, given government initiatives that promote the development of hatcheries. Sportfishing occurs in the basin but is not thought to present a major threat at this time. USE AND TRADE INFORMATION There is no known trade in the taxon. CONSERVATION ACTIONS INFORMATION There are no known conservation actions in place at this time. Education of the local populace about the native trout is recommended. More research regarding distribution, population size, population status, and the impacts of potential threats would be useful in guiding future conservation action.1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aTomelleri, Joseph, R.  uhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/species/142674424/14564163103389nas a2200133   4500008004100000245004300041210003900084260000800123490000900131520300300140100002603143700002603169856006003195       2019                        eng d00aOncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Presidio Trout'0 aOncorhynchus sp nov Presidio Trout  cdec0 v20193 aTAXONOMIC NOTES Hendrickson and Tomelleri (In Press) discussed the provenance of trout in the Presidio basin, and determined that trout were indeed native to the drainage. JUSTIFICATION This species historically occurred in isolated headwater streams of the Río del Presidio. Based on current collection records, this species exhibits a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Recent collections show strong introgression in the watershed. More collections need to be made to determine the range and purity of remaining populations. Native trout from Arroyo Hondo (Quebrada de Vega) were historically abundant, but collections from 2004 show that stream to be compromised by Rainbow trout. Therefore, it is uncertain if this species still exists in pure form. As such, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) until more information regarding the distribution, populations status, and magnitude of introgression is available. GEOGRAPHIC RANGE INFORMATION Trout occur sporadically throughout the Río del Presidio in isolated headwater streams. It is unknown at this time which populations represent pure Presidio Trout. POPULATION INFORMATION Trout are locally common in isolated populations. However, it is not known which, if any of these populations represent pure Presidio trout populations. Trout were first collected from the Presidio watershed in 1906 by Walter C. Bishop (Needham and Gard, 1959). Later collections were made by Ralph G. Miller in 1946, and by "P.R. Needham and party" in 1952. Subsequent collections in the 2000s are suspected to show strong signs of introgression and lead to doubts as to whether any of these recent collections represent pure native Presidio trout. HABITAT AND ECOLOGY INFORMATION This species occurs in cold and clear headwater arroyos and canyons in the upper Río del Presidio watershed. Elevation ranges from 1800-2700 masl. Basic life history and basic ecology are uncertain and require additional research. THREATS INFORMATION The principal threat of overriding concern is hybridization with rainbow trout. There is uncertainty regarding the extent of introgression in the various subpopulations, but introgression is suspected to be widespread throughout the watershed (Escalante et al. 2014). Future genetic introgression with rainbow trout is expected, given government initiatives that promote the development of hatcheries within the region. USE AND TRADE INFORMATION There is no known trade in the taxon. CONSERVATION ACTIONS INFORMATION There are no species-specific conservation actions in place. The prevalence of hatcheries and grow-out facilities in the Presidio watershed present an obstacle to recovery. To conserve this species, it is necessary to document a pure lineage of Presidio trout and use it as a founder population for subsequent reintroductions. More research regarding taxonomy, distribution, population size, and population status of Presidio trout are needed to guide future conservation action.1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aTomelleri, Joseph, R.  uhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/species/142674431/14564163603600nas a2200133   4500008004100000245004300041210003900084260000800123490000900131520321400140100002603354700002603380856006003406       2019                        eng d00aOncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Baluarte Trout'0 aOncorhynchus sp nov Baluarte Trout  cdec0 v20193 aTAXONOMIC NOTES Some museum specimens appear to be introgressed with Rainbow Trout. JUSTIFICATION This species is currently known only from three localities in the headwaters of the Baluarte watershed. Total population size and population trend are unknown as there have been no repeat collections at any sites within the Baluarte, and the purity (extent of ingression) of current collections are uncertain. Severe population fragmentation is likely, given the most widespread and major threat to this species is genetic introgression with Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both highly restricted and this species is not thought to occur in more than three locations. Decline in the number of mature individuals, as well as continued decline in EOO and AOO are inferred. As such, this species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) under criterion B2ab(i,ii,iii,v). Additional field research in the Baluarte watershed may find more native populations. More information regarding population status, distribution, and the impact of introgression would be useful in guiding future conservation action. GEOGRAPHIC RANGE INFORMATION This species is known only from three collection localities in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Durango, Mexico. Arroyo Santa Barbara represents the largest subpopulation. at high elevation in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Durango, Mexico. The area of occupancy (AOO) for the species is estimated at 6 km² and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 113 km², based on available georeferenced point records, and both are inferred to be declining based on apparent introgression with Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We expect that more field research in the Baluarte watershed would find additional native populations. POPULATION INFORMATION There is insufficient information to establish trends regarding the population status of this species. It is suspected that the pure populations of Baluarte trout are under threat of introgression with introduced Rainbow Trout. HABITAT AND ECOLOGY INFORMATION This species is restricted to the headwaters of the Baluarte watershed in the Sierra Madre Occidental. Elevation ranges from 2,500-2,700 m asl. Basic life history and basic ecology are uncertain and require additional research. THREATS INFORMATION The presence of, and introgression with native Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is an immediate threat to the species, and is expected to have resulted in declines in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, habitat quality, and the number of remaining mature individuals. Future genetic introgression with Rainbow Trout is expected, given government initiatives that promote the development of hatcheries within the region. USE AND TRADE INFORMATION There is no known trade in this fish CONSERVATION ACTIONS INFORMATION No conservation actions currently in place. One reasonable option would be to isolate a native population and try to reproduce that in a troutless stream that is inaccessible to upstream movement of Rainbow Trout. Additionally, more research regarding distribution, population status, and the effects of introgression are needed.1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aTomelleri, Joseph, R.  uhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/species/142674469/14564164105594nas a2200133   4500008004100000245004200041210003800083260000800121490000900129520521000138100002605348700002605374856006005400       2019                        eng d00aOncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Bavispe Trout'0 aOncorhynchus sp nov Bavispe Trout  cdec0 v20193 aTAXONOMIC NOTES The Yaqui Trout is the only native salmonid in the Río Yaqui watershed. There is some evidence that the Yaqui trout in the Bavispe, Papigochi and the Tutuaca sub-basins are differentiated from each other phentotypically. Rainbow trout are raised as food in grow-out facilities in the Yaqui basin, and have escaped into the wild. Hybridization with the Yaqui trout has occurred but is of localized occurrence. JUSTIFICATION The Yaqui Trout occurs in a number of locations throughout the Yaqui and Guzmán basins at elevations ranging from 1,600-2,200 m above sea level. Extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated to be 7,339 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 120 km². Population size is unknown, but presumably exceeds 10,000. Population trend is suspected to be stable or declining at a rate that precludes this species from being listed under a threatened category under criterion A. Subpopulations are not considered fragmented, given a higher thermal tolerance when compared to close congeners, and the ability to disperse through thermal barriers in lower elevation, mainstem rivers. Localized threats include deforestation and livestock overgrazing which have resulted in increased runoff, siltation, and higher stream temperatures, hybridization with rainbow trout, and mild fishing pressure. However, many of the localities where this species occurs are isolated and difficult to access. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), because it meets the thresholds for a threatened category under criteria B1 and B2 and there is evidence of decline in the area, extent and quality of habitat, but it occurs in greater than 10 localities and subpopulations are not fragmented. GEOGRAPHIC RANGE INFORMATION Yaqui Trout are common in the Bavispe and Tutuaca sub-basins, and in tributaries of the Río Tomochi (Papigochi sub-basin). The Bavispe has more than a dozen arroyos with strong and stable populations with Arroyo Yenquin and Arroyo Nutria being among the best. Habitat extends from headwaters to about 1,600 m asl. In general, the watershed appears to be among the best in Chihuahua/Sonora from an overall management perspective. Extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated to be 7,339 km² and area of occupancy is estimated to be 120 km², based on known collection localities. Threats are localized and expected to affect localities independently. Therefore, the number of locations where this species occurs exceeds 10. POPULATION INFORMATION Total population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10,000. Population trend is suspected to be stable or slowly declining, principally because the watershed is sparsely settled and there is not a lot of fishing pressure on the species. A "duplicate" subpopulation exists in the Guzman basin to the east, having been transplanted there from the Bavispe sub-basin in the early 1900s. Subpopulations are not considered fragmented, given an potentially higher thermal tolerance for warm water and capabilities to disperse through and even live within lower elevation mainstem rivers. HABITAT AND ECOLOGY INFORMATION This species typically occupies small, cold water tributaries with northerly or eastward flow. Major tributaries are often thermal barriers to dispersal for close congeners. However, because the Yaqui trout may exhibit some tolerance to warmer waters, it is occasionally found in mainstem rivers such as rios Tomochi and Gavilan at lower altitudes (1,600 m asl). Basic life history and basic ecology are uncertain and require additional research. THREATS INFORMATION The principal threat to Yaqui Trout is logging and associated runoff. While there is no known instance of clear cutting in the area, extensive logging in the mid-1900s prompted Aldo Starker Leopold to remark that the Río Gavilan had undergone extensive degradation, including sawdust in runoff and flash flooding. Removal of streamside trees also contributes to warming of the stream waters. Trout generally require higher dissolved oxygen than other native fishes, and are therefore particularly susceptible to warming waters. Some pastures are overgrazed which also contributes to flash flooding of streams and rivers and can interrupt spawning and decrease visibility in the streams. Hybridization with non-native Rainbow Trout is a concern, and could eventually lead to widespread introgression. Currently, hybrids are uncommon and are localized near grow-out facilities for Rainbow Trout. Future genetic introgression with rainbow trout is expected, given government initiatives that promote the development of hatcheries within the region. USE AND TRADE INFORMATION There is no known trade of the taxon. It is occasionally targeted in subsistence fisheries. However, fishing pressure at these localities is low because human development is sparse and localities are sometimes remote. CONSERVATION ACTIONS INFORMATION There are currently no species-specific conservation actions in place. Good forest management (e.g. selective logging) is recommended. Reductions in cattle stocking densities would help mitigate the effects of rapid runoff and higher silt loads in the runoff.1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aTomelleri, Joseph, R.  uhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/species/142673841/14564160103938nas a2200133   4500008004100000245004600041210004200087260000800129490000900137520354600146100002603692700002603718856006003744       2019                        eng d00aOncorhynchus sp. nov. 'San Lorenzo Trout'0 aOncorhynchus sp nov San Lorenzo Trout  cdec0 v20193 aTAXONOMIC NOTES JUSTIFICATION This species is restricted to cold, high elevation headwater streams in the Remedios sub-basin of the San Lorenzo drainage. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both restricted. Continual declines in EOO and AOO are inferred based on the most serious threats, which include widespread introgression with rainbow trout, and declines in the quality, area, and extent of habitat resulting from deforestation and livestock overgrazing. Subpopulations are severely fragmented with limited to no genetic exchange due to thermal barriers outside of headwater habitat. Localized threats are likely to affect stream subpopulations independently and the number of locations where this species occurs is estimated to be six. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN) under criterion B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii). GEOGRAPHIC RANGE INFORMATION Known populations reside within the Remedios sub-basin of the San Lorenzo. Río Truchas would appear to have the most significant population. Arroyo la Sidra has a peculiar morphotype above the waterfall near Vencedores that is genetically unique. The San Gregorio arm of the San Lorenzo is complimentary in size to the Remedios, but is unexplored for trout. Extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated to be 4,662 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 18 km², based on known collection localities. Given the scope of potential threats, the number of locations is estimated to be six. POPULATION INFORMATION Total population size is uncertain, but unlikely to exceed 1,000. Population trend is uncertain but likely to be declining at a rate that precludes listing under a threatened category under criterion A. San Lorenzo trout are common in the Río Truchas. Trout in Arroyo la Sidra above the falls are not common, and are in danger of introgression due to the release of rainbow trout from a nearby grow-out facility. Other disjunct populations occur in small headwater tributaries of the Remedios. Subpopulations are considered severely fragmented, given specific habitat requirements and an inability to migrate across thermal barriers in river mainstreams. HABITAT AND ECOLOGY INFORMATION This species occurs in cold and clear high mountain streams, headwaters and larger arroyos at elevations between 2,300-2,700 m asl. Biological habits, niche, and reproductive characteristics have not been studied for San Lorenzo trout. THREATS INFORMATION Hybridization with rainbow trout is rampant in Arroyo la Sidra below the main falls. Escapes from the grow-out facility are frequent. Hybridization may pose a threat to other populations in the San Lorenzo where populations are not fragmented by thermal barriers. Logging and livestock are present in adjacent areas and may create runoff problems in the watershed. Future genetic introgression with rainbow trout is expected, given government initiatives that promote the development of hatcheries within the region. USE AND TRADE INFORMATION There is no known trade in the taxon. CONSERVATION ACTIONS INFORMATION There are currently no species-specific conservation measures in place. Recommended conservation measures include encouraging ejidos to limit access of livestock to streams, and prevention of future rainbow trout releases to reduce future introgression outside of Arroyo la Sidra. More research regarding distribution, population size, population trend, and the magnitude of potential threats would be useful in guiding future conservation action.1 aHendrickson, Dean, A.1 aTomelleri, Joseph, R.  uhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/species/142674185/145641626